6010 PATHO 4 Final Exam Questions With Guaranteed Pass Solutions.
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What are patients that have had female circumcision at increased risk of developing? - Answer - dyspareunia
- UTI
Where are the ovaries located in r/t the uterus? - Answer up to the sides
(will not always feel on a bimanual exam)
Are the female GU organs cemented in the pelvis or mov...
6010 PATHO 4 Final Exam Questions
With Guaranteed Pass Solutions.
What are patients that have had female circumcision at increased risk of developing? - Answer -
dyspareunia
- UTI
Where are the ovaries located in r/t the uterus? - Answer up to the sides
(will not always feel on a bimanual exam)
Are the female GU organs cemented in the pelvis or movable? - Answer - movable
- anchored by suspensory ligaments
- a full bowel or bladder can move the uterus over
- things can shift during sex
= PLIABILITY
What are the different possible uterine positions? - Answer 1- midline
2- anteverted
3- anteflexed
4- retroverted
5- retroflexed
Why is the position of the uterus important for us to consider? - Answer - position of the uterus may be
the reason for the disorder
What complications might a retroflexed uterus cause? - Answer - uterus is almost touching rectum
(rectovaginal wall os only 6 cells thick - can cause constipation pre-menstrually)
- may cause dyspareunia on deep penetration - top of uterus is getting hit - just needs to tip hips
Does the male or female chromosome determine the sex of the baby? - Answer male
How many haploids, diploids, and chromosomes? - Answer 23 haploids -> 23 diploids = 46
chromosomes
What do chromosomes have? What types are there? - Answer alleles (dominant or recessive)
What do alleles have? - Answer genes
What do genes contain? - Answer DNA
What is the role of DNA? - Answer Bosses around a lot of functions: mRNA, RNA, "ases", and receptors
What are the 2 germ layers? - Answer Endoderm - internal
Mesoderm - middle
Ectoderm - outer
What layers come first? Which one comes 1 week later? - Answer First = ectoderm and endoderm
1 week later = mesoderm
**lots can go right and lots can go wrong**
What should we remember concerning genomics and diseases? - Answer MOST OF WHAT WE ARE WE
GOT FROM OUR PARENTS. THE OTHER STUFF IS WHAT WE'VE DONE TO OURSELEVES
Why can there still be genetic problems even though dominant and recessive alleles are correct? -
Answer if a woman has been exposed to something that has damaged genetic signaling
,What are the development and reproductive systems dependent on for functioning? - Answer
Dependent on sex steroid hormones
(No hormones = no development, no hormones = no differentiation)
How is the initial sexual differentiation characterized? - Answer homologous (both develop mullerian)
What are the components of sexual differentiation? - Answer - 1 pair primary sex organs (gonads)
- 2 pairs of ducts in mesodermia
What are the 2 types of ducts in the mesodermia that are present in both males and females? Where do
they empty? - Answer - mesonephric ducts (wolffian)
- paramesonephric ducts (mullerian ducts)
**BOTH EMPTY INTO THE UROGENITAL SINUS
What chemical cause sexual differentiation occur if we are born with the same ducts? - Answer - After
sex is determined, there must be sex hormones produced in order for the conceptous zygote embryo
fetus to develop into a male/female
What happens if the hormones are not there? - Answer Could have a genetic male that looks like a
female
What are the 3 different forms of estrogen? Which is best? When are they present? - Answer E1:
estrone
E2: estradiol - BEST!
E3: estriol
**PRESENT ONLY DURING REPRODUCTIVE YEARS**
What happens to the female body once the ovaries stop making estradiol? - Answer estrogen receptors
stop working and can cause plantar fascitis, heart disease, osteoporosis, rogue hairs on the face, etc...
, How does sexual differentiation occur once the correct androgens are present? What has to happen to
the homologous ducts? - Answer FOR XY, THE MULLERIAN SYSTEM MUST REGRESS AND DEVELOP INTO
THE WOLFFIAN SYSTEM
When does this occur? How does this happen? - Answer **7-8 weeks gestation male/female embryos
develop genital tubercles**
- testosterone -> differentiation genital tubercle to external male genitalia
- no testosterone -> external female genitalia by default
What is the genotype of a perfect phenotypically formed female? - Answer a male b/c female
differentiation occurs later
What happens if testosterone is not present? How does this present clinically? - Answer - male
genotype (XY) with female phenotype
- female with no periods by 16 years and find that she has testicles in her abdomen that might have been
mistaken for ovaries
- must remove the testicle because they can cause cancer
When during development does male differentiation occur? What all is involved? - Answer - 6-7 weeks
gestation
- testes-determining factor (TDF)
- mullerian inhibiting factor (MIF)
- gene expression of sex-determining region on short arm of Y chromosome (SRY)
- 8 weeks = testosterone
- 9 months = testes descended into scrotum if all goes as planned
What all must happen in order for the mullerian system to regress? - Answer Little arm of Y
chromosome must have a testes zone region (DETERMINING FACTOR) that can produce MULLERIAN
INHIBITING FACTOR to produce TESTOSTERONE
Which system persists for longer, the Mullerian or Wolfian? - Answer Mullerian
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