Samenvatting

Government and Behaviour: Course Summary (USG4660)

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Government and behaviour (USG4660)

Instelling
Universiteit Utrecht (UU)

Ace Your Exam with This Course Summary: Government and Behaviour (USG4660) Looking to ace your exam in Government and Behaviour: The Use of Behavioural Insights in and by Governments (USG4660)? This comprehensive and structured summary is designed to help you master the key concepts quickly and ...

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Geupload op 6 oktober 2024
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Type Samenvatting

nudging
choice architecture
motivated reasoning
libertarian paternalism
administrative burden
street level bureaucracy
cognitive bias
policy implementation
coping mec
behavioural public administration

Instelling
Universiteit Utrecht (UU)
Studie
Interdisciplinaire Sociale Wetenschappen
Vak
Government and behaviour (USG4660)

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Knowledge clip 1 – A Behavioural Approach to Solve Societal Problems

 Grimmelikhuijsen et al. article:

 Behavioural public administration  emerged from: subfield of public administration 

 Not new: it’s an old idea: Herbert Simon 20th century (founding founders public
administration): ‘Decision making is the hearth of administration, and that the vocabulary
of administrative theory must be derived from logic and psychology of human choice’.

 Thus: Theories from psychology and other behavioural sciences to better understand
public administration.

 The amount of public administration articles that use psychology has increased.

 What is BPA?  Definition: The interdisciplinary analysis of public administration from
the micro-level perspective of individual behaviour and attitudes by drawing on recent
advances in our understanding of the underlying psychology and behaviour of individuals
and groups.

o 1. Microlevel: individuals and groups of citizens, employers, and managers within
the public sector  unit of analysis.

o 2. Behaviour and attitudes: look at individuals and how they make their decisions.

o 3. Integrating insights from psychology and behavioural sciences into BPA (more
disciplines?)

 The new BPA approach already common in other disciplines:

 Political psychology: pluralistic in terms of theory and methods

 Behavioural economics: mostly cognitive psyche, cognitive bias, mostly quantitative

 Macro-level theory: governments that disclose more information about their discission
making will gain public trust.  How to explain?  BPA: from a micro-level:
individuals read government information and respond to it  Apply generic psychology
research to this context (motivated reasoning).

 Thus: understand the micro level and then translate to macro-level (and back)

 Tummers et al article: used behaviour approach for public policy instruments

 Governments want to influence people to reach policy goals

o Carrot: incentivised: reward certain behaviours (rational assumption)

, o Whip: mandates and bans: make unwanted behaviour illegal (rational assumption)

o Sermon: information campaigns: tell what the desired behaviour is (rational)

o Nudging: choice architecture (surrounding environment): make desired behaviour
easy (bounded rationality assumption)

 Tummers argues we should focus on the effectiveness of interventions but also on their
legitimacy  POPular: If all the things are supported, then a nudge is POPular
(politically, organizationally, personally).

 Nudging should be effective (intended goal reached) and efficient (less relative money
spend).

 Criticism: behavioural approach appropriate? Tummers: look at the support for the
arguments: do politicians/major organizations/individual citizens support nudges?

 People are not always aware of the nudge  transparency doesn’t have to impede the
effectiveness.

Knowledge clip 2 - Motivated Reasoning

 Article Kunda  Fist came up with motivated reasoning

 Motivated Reasoning: 2 ways of reasoning:

o 1. Accuracy-driven motivation (motivation to be accurate) weighing pieces of
evidence (get right/ best? conclusion).  thorough and deep information
processing (more cognitive effort).  However: satisficing behaviour.

o 2. Direction-driven motivated reasoning (motivation to arrive at a certain
conclusion)

 Biased accessing of beliefs about, self, others and events + biased selection
of statistical heuristics + biased research evaluation (conformation bias).

 In essence: scrutinize information against believe and accept supporting
information at face value

 This operates within bounds of appearing rational to others.

 Motivated reasoning origin: cognitive dissonance (source motivated reasoning):
unpleasant feeling of contradictory beliefs and actions (reality?=)  unpleasant feelings
(want to solve).  Solutions: change behaviour (hard) or believe.

,  The types of motivations affect a range of behaviours related to decision making

o 1. Beliefs about others, self, events

o 2. Statistical processing: becoming selective to statical evidence

o 3. Scrutiny of scientific evidence

 Beakgaard et al.  politicians reading about the performance of private schools or public
school. The private school performed best  Question: which is performing best? 
Once politicians have more support for general service (strong public sector) the change
of a correct answer decreases significantly + a strong preference for private schools:
increase likelihood of the correct answer.

 In essence: this generic psychological mechanism is relevant a public administration
setting.

Lecture 1: Policymaking (from a behavioural perspective)

 Why do governments make policy?  Strict or non-strict regulatory guidelines  To
resolve conflict and to solve problems  Organized range of societal policies.

 5 main reasons for government policy
o 1. Market failure compensation (against monopolies for example)
o 2. Regulate external effects
o 3. Collective goods (defence, dykes etc)
o 4. Merit goods (museum)
o 5. Redistribution of social inequalities: redistribute income and wealth (improve
equal opportunities/outcomes

 How can government steer society: reward (discount), discourage (taxes), prohibition,
communicate (campaigns), nudge (towards other/better behaviour).

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