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PUH 210 Module 4 Exam Latest Update
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PUH 210 Module 4 Exam LatestUpdate
Variolation - Answer inoculation of smallpox into the skin
Who is credited with the first invention of the vaccine? - Answer Dr. Edward Jenner
How did Dr. Jenner establish the first ever clinical trial? - Answer Inoculated a boy with
cowpox to develop immunity to smallpox
What did Lewis Pasteur note? - Answer Aged cultures of disease affected its virulence
What made smallpox eradication successful? - Answer --No animal reservoir (humans
only)
--Active immunity (lasts for life)
--Subclinical cases are rare (apparent symptoms)
--Infectivity does not precede overt symptoms (only infectious when symptoms show)
--One Variola Serotype (no mutations)
What is immunization? - Answer the process in which an infectious disease is prevented
prior exposure to a pathogen administered in a form that will not cause illness
What is a form of immunization? - Answer Vaccination
What immune response does the immune system involve? - Answer --Physical barriers
--Chemical substances
--Cells (lymphocytes)
--Proteins (antibodies)
What does the immune system recognzie? - Answer foreign substances
What two components make up the immune system? - Answer memory and specificity
What complex processes are involved in the mechanisms of the immune system? -
Answer Detection of changes in cells and detection of infectious organisms
What two systems make up the immune system? - Answer Innate and adaptive
Describe innate immune system - Answer Present at birth, first line of defense, and has
a nonspecific response.
, What does the innate immune system consist of? - Answer Anatomical barriers (skin)
Physiological barriers (stomach acid)
Phagocytic cells (neutrophils, microphages)
Inflammatory processes (antibacterial activity)
Natural killer cells (cytotoxic activity)
What two types of immunity make up adaptive immunity? - Answer cell-mediated
(cellular) and humoral
Describe adaptive immunity - Answer second line of defense, specific response to
antigens, acquired through previous exposure to infections, can recognize and destroy
specific foreign agents based on antigenic properties
What does cell-mediated immunity involve? What are some of its roles? - Answer
T-lymphocytes (cells)
Presents antigens in a way B-cells can recognize and eliminate intercellular organisms
such as viruses and bacteria.
Where do t-cells come from? - Answer T cells come from the bone marrow and
differentiate in the thymus
What are three types of T-Cells? - Answer Cytotoxic (CD8): destroy infected host cells
Helper (CD4): secretes cytokines to aid cytotoxic T cells and B cells in their killings
Suppressor: suppress activities of cytotoxic, helper, and B cells
What are cytokines? - Answer proteins that mediate cell functions (amplify, regulate,
communicate)
What happens when someone has a low T Cell count? - Answer low immunity and low
ability to fight infection
What does humoral immunity involve? What is its role? - Answer B lymphocytes (cells)
Primary defense against extracellular organisms and recognizes antigen on cell
surface.
What are the epitopes or the antigenic determinants? - Answer regions of an antigen
molecule that stimulate immune responses
What do B-lymphocytes (cells) do? - Answer Bind to antigen which transform into
plasma cells that produce antibodies
What do plasma cells produce? - Answer antibodies
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