SAMENVATTING CEL & WEEFSELLEER VAN
DE HUISDIEREN 1
,INHOUD
Inleiding.......................................................................................................................................................................... 6
Microscopische technieken............................................................................................................................................ 7
De lichtmicroscoop .................................................................................................................................................... 7
Resolutie en numerieke apertuur .............................................................................................................................. 9
Voorbereiding preparaat voor conventionele lichtmicroscopie ................................................................................ 9
Elektronenmicroscopie ............................................................................................................................................ 14
Inleiding cytologie ........................................................................................................................................................ 18
Bedekkende epithelen en klierepithelen ..................................................................................................................... 20
Bindweefsel .................................................................................................................................................................. 26
Collageentypen ........................................................................................................................................................ 26
Bindweefselvezels.................................................................................................................................................... 28
Cellen in bindweefsel ............................................................................................................................................... 29
Classificatie van bindweefsel ................................................................................................................................... 29
Kraakbeen .................................................................................................................................................................... 33
Botweefsel ................................................................................................................................................................... 36
Spierweefsel ................................................................................................................................................................. 42
Zenuwweefsel .............................................................................................................................................................. 52
Bloedvaten ................................................................................................................................................................... 55
Bloed en bloedvorming ................................................................................................................................................ 58
Granulocyten ........................................................................................................................................................... 59
Agranulocyten.......................................................................................................................................................... 60
Trombocyten ........................................................................................................................................................... 61
Bloed in niet-zoogdieren ......................................................................................................................................... 61
Bloed van vogels ...................................................................................................................................................... 62
Haematopoëse (bloedvorming) ............................................................................................................................... 62
Afweer en immuunsysteem ......................................................................................................................................... 66
Milt .......................................................................................................................................................................... 66
Theorie open circulatie ............................................................................................................................................ 68
Theorie van gesloten circulatie ................................................................................................................................ 68
Lymfeklieren ............................................................................................................................................................ 69
haemolymfeknopen................................................................................................................................................. 70
thymus ..................................................................................................................................................................... 71
Andere lymfoïde organen ........................................................................................................................................ 73
,Nucleus......................................................................................................................................................................... 75
Opslag van genetisch materiaal ............................................................................................................................... 75
Nucleolus ................................................................................................................................................................. 77
Transcriptie en verwerking van ribosomaal RNA ................................................................................................. 77
Kernenvelop............................................................................................................................................................. 78
Transport tussen cytosol en nucleus ....................................................................................................................... 79
Celorganellen ............................................................................................................................................................... 80
Ribosomen ............................................................................................................................................................... 80
Cellulaire eiwitsynthese ....................................................................................................................................... 80
Endoplasmatisch reticulum (ER) .............................................................................................................................. 82
Golgi-complex .......................................................................................................................................................... 82
Endosomen .............................................................................................................................................................. 83
Lysosomen ............................................................................................................................................................... 84
Extracellulaire vesikels (EVs) .................................................................................................................................... 84
Vesiculair transport ................................................................................................................................................. 85
Endocytose .............................................................................................................................................................. 86
Exocytose ................................................................................................................................................................. 87
Mitochondriën ......................................................................................................................................................... 88
eiwitImport in mitochondriën .............................................................................................................................. 89
ATP productie door Mitochondria ....................................................................................................................... 90
Peroxisomen (microbodies) ..................................................................................................................................... 91
Cytoskelet..................................................................................................................................................................... 92
Microtubuli .............................................................................................................................................................. 93
Groei en afbraak microtubuli ............................................................................................................................... 93
maps ..................................................................................................................................................................... 94
Microtubuli-bindende eiwitten ............................................................................................................................ 94
functioneel voorkomen microtubuli .................................................................................................................... 94
Cilia en flagellen ................................................................................................................................................... 95
Microfilamenten ...................................................................................................................................................... 95
Groei en afbraak................................................................................................................................................... 95
microfilament-geassocieerde eiwitten ................................................................................................................ 96
microfilament-bindende eiwitten ........................................................................................................................ 96
Functioneel voorkomen ....................................................................................................................................... 97
Intermediaire filamenten......................................................................................................................................... 98
, intermediair filament bindende eiwitten............................................................................................................. 99
Functioneel voorkomen ....................................................................................................................................... 99
Cytoplasma................................................................................................................................................................. 100
Lipiden ................................................................................................................................................................... 100
glycogeen ............................................................................................................................................................... 100
eiwitten .................................................................................................................................................................. 100
Pigmenten.............................................................................................................................................................. 100
Endogene pigmenten ......................................................................................................................................... 100
Exogene pigmenten ........................................................................................................................................... 100
Plasmamembraan ...................................................................................................................................................... 101
Opbouw van membranen ...................................................................................................................................... 101
Lipiden dubbellaag ............................................................................................................................................. 101
Membraaneiwitten ............................................................................................................................................ 102
Glycocalyx .......................................................................................................................................................... 102
Actief en passief membraantransport t.h.v. plasmamembraan ............................................................................ 102
Passief membraantransport............................................................................................................................... 103
Actief membraantransport ................................................................................................................................ 103
Celjuncties ............................................................................................................................................................. 104
CAMs .................................................................................................................................................................. 104
Celverbindingen/juncties ................................................................................................................................... 105
Apicale celdifferentiaties ....................................................................................................................................... 108
Microvilli en stereocilia ...................................................................................................................................... 108
Cilia en flagellen ................................................................................................................................................. 109
Basale membraan............................................................................................................................................... 109
signaaltransductie, receptoren en communicatie. ................................................................................................ 110
algemene principes celcommunicatie................................................................................................................ 110
intercellulaire signaaloverdracht ....................................................................................................................... 110
receptoren.......................................................................................................................................................... 111
Belangrijkste signaaltransductiepathways ......................................................................................................... 112
Celdeling..................................................................................................................................................................... 114
INTERFASE ........................................................................................................................................................... 114
M-FASE ................................................................................................................................................................. 115
MITOSE ................................................................................................................................................................. 115
Karyokinese ........................................................................................................................................................ 116
DE HUISDIEREN 1
,INHOUD
Inleiding.......................................................................................................................................................................... 6
Microscopische technieken............................................................................................................................................ 7
De lichtmicroscoop .................................................................................................................................................... 7
Resolutie en numerieke apertuur .............................................................................................................................. 9
Voorbereiding preparaat voor conventionele lichtmicroscopie ................................................................................ 9
Elektronenmicroscopie ............................................................................................................................................ 14
Inleiding cytologie ........................................................................................................................................................ 18
Bedekkende epithelen en klierepithelen ..................................................................................................................... 20
Bindweefsel .................................................................................................................................................................. 26
Collageentypen ........................................................................................................................................................ 26
Bindweefselvezels.................................................................................................................................................... 28
Cellen in bindweefsel ............................................................................................................................................... 29
Classificatie van bindweefsel ................................................................................................................................... 29
Kraakbeen .................................................................................................................................................................... 33
Botweefsel ................................................................................................................................................................... 36
Spierweefsel ................................................................................................................................................................. 42
Zenuwweefsel .............................................................................................................................................................. 52
Bloedvaten ................................................................................................................................................................... 55
Bloed en bloedvorming ................................................................................................................................................ 58
Granulocyten ........................................................................................................................................................... 59
Agranulocyten.......................................................................................................................................................... 60
Trombocyten ........................................................................................................................................................... 61
Bloed in niet-zoogdieren ......................................................................................................................................... 61
Bloed van vogels ...................................................................................................................................................... 62
Haematopoëse (bloedvorming) ............................................................................................................................... 62
Afweer en immuunsysteem ......................................................................................................................................... 66
Milt .......................................................................................................................................................................... 66
Theorie open circulatie ............................................................................................................................................ 68
Theorie van gesloten circulatie ................................................................................................................................ 68
Lymfeklieren ............................................................................................................................................................ 69
haemolymfeknopen................................................................................................................................................. 70
thymus ..................................................................................................................................................................... 71
Andere lymfoïde organen ........................................................................................................................................ 73
,Nucleus......................................................................................................................................................................... 75
Opslag van genetisch materiaal ............................................................................................................................... 75
Nucleolus ................................................................................................................................................................. 77
Transcriptie en verwerking van ribosomaal RNA ................................................................................................. 77
Kernenvelop............................................................................................................................................................. 78
Transport tussen cytosol en nucleus ....................................................................................................................... 79
Celorganellen ............................................................................................................................................................... 80
Ribosomen ............................................................................................................................................................... 80
Cellulaire eiwitsynthese ....................................................................................................................................... 80
Endoplasmatisch reticulum (ER) .............................................................................................................................. 82
Golgi-complex .......................................................................................................................................................... 82
Endosomen .............................................................................................................................................................. 83
Lysosomen ............................................................................................................................................................... 84
Extracellulaire vesikels (EVs) .................................................................................................................................... 84
Vesiculair transport ................................................................................................................................................. 85
Endocytose .............................................................................................................................................................. 86
Exocytose ................................................................................................................................................................. 87
Mitochondriën ......................................................................................................................................................... 88
eiwitImport in mitochondriën .............................................................................................................................. 89
ATP productie door Mitochondria ....................................................................................................................... 90
Peroxisomen (microbodies) ..................................................................................................................................... 91
Cytoskelet..................................................................................................................................................................... 92
Microtubuli .............................................................................................................................................................. 93
Groei en afbraak microtubuli ............................................................................................................................... 93
maps ..................................................................................................................................................................... 94
Microtubuli-bindende eiwitten ............................................................................................................................ 94
functioneel voorkomen microtubuli .................................................................................................................... 94
Cilia en flagellen ................................................................................................................................................... 95
Microfilamenten ...................................................................................................................................................... 95
Groei en afbraak................................................................................................................................................... 95
microfilament-geassocieerde eiwitten ................................................................................................................ 96
microfilament-bindende eiwitten ........................................................................................................................ 96
Functioneel voorkomen ....................................................................................................................................... 97
Intermediaire filamenten......................................................................................................................................... 98
, intermediair filament bindende eiwitten............................................................................................................. 99
Functioneel voorkomen ....................................................................................................................................... 99
Cytoplasma................................................................................................................................................................. 100
Lipiden ................................................................................................................................................................... 100
glycogeen ............................................................................................................................................................... 100
eiwitten .................................................................................................................................................................. 100
Pigmenten.............................................................................................................................................................. 100
Endogene pigmenten ......................................................................................................................................... 100
Exogene pigmenten ........................................................................................................................................... 100
Plasmamembraan ...................................................................................................................................................... 101
Opbouw van membranen ...................................................................................................................................... 101
Lipiden dubbellaag ............................................................................................................................................. 101
Membraaneiwitten ............................................................................................................................................ 102
Glycocalyx .......................................................................................................................................................... 102
Actief en passief membraantransport t.h.v. plasmamembraan ............................................................................ 102
Passief membraantransport............................................................................................................................... 103
Actief membraantransport ................................................................................................................................ 103
Celjuncties ............................................................................................................................................................. 104
CAMs .................................................................................................................................................................. 104
Celverbindingen/juncties ................................................................................................................................... 105
Apicale celdifferentiaties ....................................................................................................................................... 108
Microvilli en stereocilia ...................................................................................................................................... 108
Cilia en flagellen ................................................................................................................................................. 109
Basale membraan............................................................................................................................................... 109
signaaltransductie, receptoren en communicatie. ................................................................................................ 110
algemene principes celcommunicatie................................................................................................................ 110
intercellulaire signaaloverdracht ....................................................................................................................... 110
receptoren.......................................................................................................................................................... 111
Belangrijkste signaaltransductiepathways ......................................................................................................... 112
Celdeling..................................................................................................................................................................... 114
INTERFASE ........................................................................................................................................................... 114
M-FASE ................................................................................................................................................................. 115
MITOSE ................................................................................................................................................................. 115
Karyokinese ........................................................................................................................................................ 116
