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PSY 219 EXAM 1 1. how do we answer scientific questions: 1. prior beliefs 2. authority 3. reason and logic -based of 'a priori' assumptions -based on data 4. experience -personal expericne -scientific findings€10,29
PSY 219 EXAM 1 1. how do we answer scientific questions: 1. prior beliefs 2. authority 3. reason and logic -based of 'a priori' assumptions -based on data 4. experience -personal expericne -scientific findings
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PSY 219
PSY 219 EXAM 1
1. how do we answer scientific questions: 1. prior beliefs
2. authority
3. reason and logic
-based of 'a priori' assumptions
-based on data
4. experience
-personal expericne
-scientific findings
1. how do we answer scientific questions
ANSW 1. prior beliefs
2. authority
3. reason and logic
-based of 'a priori' assumptions
-based on data
4. experience
-personal expericne
-scientific findings
2. problems with personal experience
ANSW 1. belief perseverance
ANSW
-hold onto belief even w disproof
2. confirmation bias
ANSW
-only pay attn to evidence that confirms belief
3. availability heuristic
ANSW
-frequency of strong emotional experiences tend to be overestimated (plane crash, slot machines)
3. scientific experience
ANSW -Objective/rational
-Empirical/testable
-Rigorously evaluated
-Tentative
ANSW could do 20 years of research & single theory could dismiss it; we never know anything for certain
-Parsimonious
ANSW as simple as possible
4. goals of scientific research
ANSW -Describing behavior
-Predicting behavior
-Explaining behavior
-Modifying behavior
5. definition of hypothesis
ANSW -concrete statement, about how 2 variables relate to each other
*should be testable
*must be able to be disproved
*data-driven
6. types of variables
ANSW -Conceptual Variables
-Operational Variables
the idea of what needs to be measured. However, the measured variable needs to be defined to be valid.
, PSY 219 EXAM 1
8. operational variables
ANSW method of measuring construct (ie self-report scale)
9. independent variables
ANSW manipulated in exp
10. dependent variables
ANSW expect to be causally impacted by independent variable; measure it
11. types of research
ANSW 1. Basic
ANSW just trying to understand, no intervention/helping
2. Applied
ANSW try to improve/test treatment/therapy
-really matters in research for which orgs will give funding (ex. NIH only funds applied)
12. pseudo science
ANSW -fails scientific testing
-relies on anecdotal evidence
-sidesteps disproof
-oversimplifies complex problems
13. definition of ethics
ANSW set of standards; any profession regulated to make sure behaving ethically - look up definition in
book
14. primary questions of ethics
ANSW how can we protect the rights & welfare of human research ppts?
15. origins of ethics codes
ANSW 1. Critical Incident Analysis
2. Nuremberg Trials
3. Willowbrook Hepatitis Study
4. Tuskegee Syphilis Study
5. Project MKI-ULTRA
16. Critical Incident Analysis
ANSW -APA didn't invent, many diff professional organi- zations; going to professional body and asking
them to tell you what they think is unethical/ethical - then from that developed code of ethics
*arose & conducted by APA in 70s bc series of terrible ethics violations
***will describe one on exam & have to identify
17. Nuremberg Trials
ANSW -in conc camps, sci conducted research studies; want to know how long pilot survive without
warmth in winter
*subjects didn't have choice to serve
, PSY 219 EXAM 1
*high death rates in experiments (expose to elements, drink fuel)
18. Willowbrook Hepatitis Study
ANSW -mental institution that took care of ppl w v low IQ, require high levels of ongoing care (v cog
impaired); at time, hepatitis rampant in Willowbrook bc understaffed, couldn't clean bathrooms fast enough;
purposefully gave kids Hep so could track course of disease (thought likely they would get it just
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