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NBB 302 Exam 2 LatestUpdate
1. Which task would Phineas Gage likely perform poorly on?
a. Iowa Gambling Task
b. Wisconsin Card Sorting Task
c. Stroop Task
d. Tower of London Task
e. all of the above - Answer e. all of the above
2. We discussed a study in which patients with prefrontal cortex damage were asked to
perform a series of everyday tasks around town. Which of the following types of
mistakes did they make the LEAST?
a. Misunderstanding the task instructions
b. Understanding but not following the task instructions
c. Completing the tasks inefficiently
d. Failing to finish all the tasks
e. Getting into arguments while completing the tasks - Answer a. Misunderstanding the
task instructions
Which of the following statements best describes the anatomical connectivity of the
prefrontal lobes to the rest of the brain?
a. Almost all inputs to the prefrontal cortex originate from subcortical regions rather
than from other cortical regions in the brain.
b. Almost all inputs to the prefrontal cortex originate from other cortical regions rather
than from subcortical regions in the brain.
c. Connections in this region tend to carry inputs from other parts of the prefrontal
cortex rather than from other lobes of the brain.
d. There are extensive projections to and from the prefrontal cortex to all other cortical
areas except for visual areas
e. There are extensive projections to and from the prefrontal cortex to all other lobes of
,the brain as well substantial connections with several subcortical regions - Answer e.
There are extensive projections to and from the prefrontal cortex to all other lobes of the
brain as well substantial connections with several subcortical regions
Carla expects to get a C on this exam, but Anna expects to get an A. If both receive B's,
what is mostly likely to happen to the firing rates of their midbrain dopamine neurons
when they find out their grades?
a. Firing rates will increase in both students
b. Carla's will increase. Anna's will decrease
c. Carla's will decrease. Anna's will increase
d. Firing rates will decrease in both students
e. Firing rates will not change in both students - Answer b. Carla's will increase. Anna's
will decrease
Bertram expected to get a B on the exam and indeed earned a B. What is most likely to
happen to the firing rates of his midbrain dopamine neurons when he finds out his
grade?
a. Increase
b. Decrease
c. No change in firing rate because he got what he expected
d. No change in firing rate because there was no primary reinforcer (e.g., food) involved
e. No change in firing rate because, even though he got what he expected, a B is still
less than an A - Answer c. No change in firing rate because he got what he expected
Refer to figure 1
a working memory task for faces that we discussed in class. Participants were in an
fMRI scanner during the task, and the results focused on fMRI activity in prefrontal
cortex and FFA. Which of the following best describes the findings?
a. FFA activity was elevated above its baseline level for both encoding and retrieval, but
PFC activity was elevated above its baseline level for only encoding
b. FFA activity was elevated above its baseline level for both encoding and retrieval, but
PFC activity was elevated above its baseline level for only retrieval
c. PFC activity was elevated above its baseline level for both encoding and retrieval, but
FFA activity was elevated above its baseline level for only encoding
d. PFC activity was elevated above its baseline level for both encoding and retrieval, but
FFA activity was elevated above its baseline level for only retrieval
,e. none of the above - Answer e. none of the above
7. You participate in an fMRI experiment in which you are asked on each trial to hold
phone numbers in mind for short periods of time (about 20 seconds). On some trials, you
are instructed to report the phone numbers in reverse order. On other trials, you are
instructed to report the numbers in the original (forward) order. Ten seconds before
each trial begins, you are told whether the upcoming trial will be a forward or reverse
trial type. Which of the following areas is most likely to show an increase in activity
above baseline during this 10-second period before each trial?
a. ventral lateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC)
b. dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)
c. orbital frontal cortex (OFC)
d. ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC)
e. anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) - Answer a. ventral lateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC)
You participate in an fMRI experiment in which you are asked on each trial to hold phone
numbers in mind for short periods of time (about 20 seconds). On some trials, you are
instructed to report the phone numbers in reverse order. On other trials, you are
instructed to report the numbers in the original (forward) order. Ten seconds before
each trial begins, you are told whether the upcoming trial will be a forward or reverse
trial type.
When you report the numbers back to the experimenter, which area would most
specifically show greater fMRI activity for the reverse condition compared to the
forward condition?
a. ventral lateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC)
b. dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)
c. orbital frontal cortex (OFC)
d. ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC)
e. anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) - Answer b. dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)
What did we say about the prefrontal cortex in rats?
a. Rats do not have a prefrontal cortex but they do have motor and premotor frontal
cortical areas
b. Rats do not have any neocortex, let alone prefrontal cortex
c. Rats have a prefrontal cortex that contains homologous regions to almost all of the
prefrontal cortical areas we discussed in humans
, d. Rats have a prefrontal cortex with some areas that are homologous to areas in human
prefrontal cortex, but many human prefrontal cortical areas have no clear homologies in
rats
e. Rats have a prefrontal cortex, but none of the rat areas are homologous to human
prefrontal cortical areas - Answer d. Rats have a prefrontal cortex with some areas that
are homologous to areas in human prefrontal cortex, but many human prefrontal
cortical areas have no clear homologies in rats
What did we say about the prefrontal cortex in humans?
a. The prefrontal cortex is unique to the human brain
b. The prefrontal cortex is absent in the human brain
c. The prefrontal cortex is relatively large in humans
d. The prefrontal cortex in humans occupies a similar percentage of cortex as compared
to the percentage of cortex occupied by the prefrontal cortex in other mammals
e. None of the above are true - Answer c. The prefrontal cortex is relatively large in
humans
11. Which of the following anatomical axis in the prefrontal cortex is paired incorrectly
with a corresponding functional gradient?
a. dorsal<-->ventral: abstract<-->concrete
b. anterior<-->posterior: external<-->internal
c. lateral<-->medial: manipulation<-->maintenance
d. a, b, and c are all incorrect
e. a, b, and c are all correct - Answer d. a, b, and c are all incorrect
Which of the following relates to the role of the prefrontal cortex in cognitive control?
a. Prefrontal neurons can hold information 'online' temporarily. This is critical for
bridging temporal gaps between events, actions and consequences, and for resisting
distractions
b. Neurophysiological and behavioral studies indicate that prefrontal neurons may
participate in neural ensembles that represent task contingencies and rules
c. The formation of task representations in the prefrontal cortex may depend on
midbrain dopamine neurons that signal when plasticity should occur
d. Prefrontal task representations provide bias signals to other brain structures to guide
the flow of activity along task-relevant pathways
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