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DH226 Midterm Review(updated)questions n answers
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DH226 MidtermReview(updated)questions n answers
Piaget - correct answer ✔✔4 sequential STAGES 1)Amoral 2)Egocentric 3)Heteronomous 4)Autonomous
List the 6 steps of the Ethical Decision-Making Model. - correct answer ✔✔a. Identify the Ethical
Dilemma or Problem-Most critical. If ethical question does not place principles in conflict, it is simply a
matter of right or wrong.
b. Collect Information - Factual information about situation as it developed may come for more than 1
source. Information regarding the values of the parties involved, including the HCP is needed.
c. State the Options-Brainstorming to identify as many alternatives or options as possible. May be more
than one answer. Keep open minded & consider other's alternative answers.
d. Apply the Ethical Principles to the Options-Focus on principles: autonomy, beneficence,
nonmaleficence, and justice. Focus on ethical values: paternalism, confidentiality, and informed consent.
Make list of Pros and Cons. Pros: State how each option holds or inviolate each principle or value. Cons:
How does each option violate principles or values.
e. Make the Decision- From list of pros and cons. Replay each decision against the principle to see if the
decision holds up to this evaluation. Remember, a hygienist's obligation is to put the patient's interest
first.
f. Implement the Decision.- Act on the decision that has been made.
State the goal of an ethical decision-making model. - correct answer ✔✔To provide a framework for
making the best decision in a particular situation. (Reflect, analyze and problem solve.
List and explain the 4 Categories of Moral Problems by Campbell & Rogers. - correct answer ✔✔a. Moral
Weakness: Moral responsibilities conflict with personal inclinations. Moral responsibilities point in one
direction and personal inclinations in another.
b. Moral Uncertainty: Question as to whether a moral obligation exists.
c. Moral Dilemma: Obligations and responsibilities are in conflict
d. Moral Distress: Frustration from perceived powerlessness when what is happening appears to be
wrong and you are unable to act ethically
, Define 'ethical awareness'. - correct answer ✔✔a. AKA: Moral sensitivity. How a hygienist responds to
ethical issues that arise depends on how aware or sensitive he/she is to the subject.
b. Someone who frequently reviews ethical guidelines and keeps up with any updates is morally
sensitive.
How is ethical decision making best learned? - correct answer ✔✔Throughout a lifetime
Define and give an example of 'Prima Facie Duties'. - correct answer ✔✔a. "at first glance'. Duties that
must be done before any other consideration enters the picture.
b. Example: A RDH who suspects child abuse should place the welfare of the child over the autonomy of
the parent. The child is the stronger duty.
Know if reporting suspected child abuse to authorities is illegal and/or a violation of confidentiality. -
correct answer ✔✔It is a violation of confidentiality, but it is also a legal mandate for health
professionals to override that violation to firstly protect (prima facie) an abused child.
Define Veracity. - correct answer ✔✔a. Being honest and telling the truth.
b. If both patient and clinician are honest it allows the patient to use autonomy to make the best
decision for them.
Describe Paternalism: - correct answer ✔✔a. Closely related to the principles of nonmaleficence and
beneficence.
b. The healthcare professional acts as a parent and makes decisions for the patient on the basis of what
the professional believes is in the best interest of the patient.
c. Paternalism and Autonomy are in direct conflict the most.
Nonmaleficence: - correct answer ✔✔a. Means 'Do no harm'
b. Doing what will benefit the patient the most
c. The health professionals first obligation to the patient. d. The founding principle of the code of ethics
e. Always takes precedence over any other principle, even 'doing good'.
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