Neuroscience Perspective - ✔✔views behavior from the perspective of the brain, the
nervous system, and other biological functions
Psychodynamic Perspective - ✔✔Sigmund Freud; behavior is motivated by unconscious
inner forces and conflicts over which the individual has little control
Behavioral Perspective - ✔✔John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner; suggests that observed,
measurable behavior should be the focus of study; reinforcement/punishment
Cognitive Perspective - ✔✔focuses on how people think, understand, and know about the
world; information processing
Humanistic Perspective - ✔✔Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow; suggests individuals naturally
strive to grow, develop, and be in control of their lives and behavior; seek and reach
fulfillment; emphasis is on free will; contrasts to determinism
Nature - ✔✔genetically determined/inherited
Nurture - ✔✔influences of the physical and social environment in which a person is raised
Conscious - ✔✔forces of which we are fully aware
,Unconscious - ✔✔forces that are not accessible to the conscious mind
Observable Behavior - ✔✔objective behavior that can be seen by outside observers
Internal Mental Process - ✔✔unseen processes involved in thinking
Individual differences - ✔✔a person's unique and special qualities
Universal Principles - ✔✔factors that underlie the behavior of all humans
Scientific Method - ✔✔the approach through which psychologists systematically
acquire knowledge and understanding about behavior and other phenomena of interest
Theories - ✔✔broad explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest
Hypothesis - ✔✔a prediction, stemming from a theory, stated in a way that allows it to be tested
Operational definition - ✔✔the translation of a hypothesis into specific, testable procedures
that can be measured and observed
Research - ✔✔systematic inquiry aimed at the discovery of new knowledge
, Descriptive Reasearch - ✔✔systematic investigation of a person, group or pattern of behavior
Archival Research - ✔✔existing data are examined to test a hypothesis
Naturalistic Observation - ✔✔Investigator observes some naturally occurring behavior
Survey Research - ✔✔People are asked a series of questions about their behavior, thoughts,
or attitudes
Case Study - ✔✔in-depth; intensive investigation of an individual or a small group of
people; often include psychological testing
Correlation Research - ✔✔research in which the relationship between two sets of variables
is examined to determine whether they are associated, or "correlated"
Correlation Coefficient - ✔✔represents the strength and direction of the relationship
between two variables
Experiment - ✔✔investigation of the relationship between two (or more) variables by producing a
change in one variable in a situation and observing the effects on the second variable
Confederate - ✔✔person who works for the experimenter
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