Samenvatting
Samenvatting HOCs Las1
Dit is een gedeeltelijke samenvatting van het keuzevak LAS1. Het bevat de informatie over de te kennen slides vanaf HOC4 tot het einde van de cursus. Ik behaalde een 15/20 voor het examen.
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Voorbeeld 4 van de 35 pagina's
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HOC 4&5: BIOLOGY, PHYISOLOGY AND ETHOLOGYMOUSE
Introduction
- Mus musculus
- Most knowledge of all mammals
- Low economics: short life and gestation + large litter/offspring
- Lot of in- and outbred strains (easy genome manipulation)
- Research topics: cancer, endocrine and auto-immune diseases…
Behaviour
- Very social (captivity not good)
- In the wild: social hierarchy ( dominant male, hierarchy of females, subordinate males
and juveniles)
- Crepuscular: most active during twilight
- Activities: breeding, digging, next building…
- Complex communication system: sound + olphactory
o Pheromones + proteins & sex hormones in urine as communication source
- Territorial (fighting wounds visible by subordinates)
Anatomy and physiology
General
- Small, short legs, hairless tail
- Hypodont: teeth keep growing
- Olphactory and hearing: good
- Vision: not good (red light to perform night work during day cuz they can’t see it)
Respiratory system
- 3 sections
Anterior: nostrils, nasal cavities and nasopharynx
Intermediate: larynx, trachea and brochi
Posterior: left lung (1 lobe) and right lung (4 lobes)
- Large body surface to weight ratio
Fast respiratory rate
High RBC concentration and oxygen capacity (right shift in scale)
Great sensitivity to water loss
Small thermoneutral range: 29.6° - 30.5°
Cardiovascular system
- Normal anatomy
- Mean SBP = 84-105mmHg (! doesn’t change when body temp raises!)
Gastro-intestinal system
- Omnivorous
, - Coprophagy: eat feces bcs contains lots of bacteria (optimal nutritional activity)
- Esophagus optimal for gavage
- No appendix
- Rib cage around liver
Urinogenital system
- Mammal: right kidney anterior to left
- Lot of glomeruli: big filtration area
- High concentrated urine: lot of proteins (taurine, creatinine, mups (allergies!))
- Urinating: 1 or 2 drops a time
- Females: 5 mammary glands throughout body, paired ovaries & oviducts, clitoris with
paired clitoral glands
- Males: paired testes, penis with os penis (schaambeen), prostate with glands&ducts
- Sex determination: genital papilla more prominent in males + distance to anus bigger
Immunology and hematology (same as humans)
- Lymph vessels & nodes
- Spleen (50% bigger in males)
- Thymus: disappears at adult age
- NALT & MALT
Breeding and reproduction
Types of breeding
- Inbred strains: genetically similar due to long inbreeding (20x): almost homozygosity
- Outbred strains: selectively bred to create unique genetics: heterozygosity
- F1 hybrids: first line after breeding of 2 different inbred strains to create 100%
homozygosity
- Transgenic strains: introduction of DNA into genome
System for breeding
- Monogamous: 1 male + 1 female
- Polygamous: 1 male + several females (mostly trio)
- Success depends on age, genetics, vibration, noise, light…
- Sexual maturity: 6 – 8 weeks old
Estrus cycle
- Confirmation of successful mating: presence of vaginal plug instead of pregnancy
Role of pheromones
- Lee-boot effect: when female mice are bred w/o males their estrus cycles synchronizes
and gets supressed due to a lack of male pheromones
- Whitten effect: estrus cycles of these females can restart after contact with male odors
(eg urine).
- Bruce effect: recently bred females can abort their pregnancy after exposure to strange
males.
, Gestation and birth
- 19 à 21 days
- Non fertile mating => pseudopregnancy that can last 14 days (fake)
- Clear breast/mammal development: 14 days
- Pups are born blind and naked (6-12)
- Passive immunity: placenta and colostrum (first milk) up to 16 days
- Day 10: full hair over body + ears open
- Day 12: eyes open
- 14 days long solid food and water
Non-infectious pathologies
- Neoplasia: age and strain related (adenocarcinoma, lymphoma..)
- Bite wounds
- Ulcerative dermatitis (wet skin lesions)
- Barbering (overgrooming)
- Malocclusion (hypsodontia)
RAT
Introduction
- Rattus novergicus (Norway) or rattus rattus (Black)
- Low economics: short life and gestation + large litter/offspring
- Lot of inbred strains (easy genome manipulation), less GMO than mice
- Research topics: cancer, endocrine and auto-immune diseases…
Behaviour
- Very social (captivity not good)
- Very intelligent, less aggressive than mice and more easily trained
- Crepuscular: most active during twilight
- Routinely vocalize: aggression, stress, pleasure
- Activities: breeding, digging, next building…
- Complex communication system: sound (broader than mice) + olphactory
o Pheromones + proteins & sex hormones in urine as communication source
Anatomy and physiology
General
- Norway rat: small, thick ears and tail 85% of body length
- Black rat: long ears and tail longer than body
- Hair shaft: long or short
- Hypodont: teeth keep growing
- Olphactory and hearing: good
- Vision: not good (red light to perform night work during day cuz they can’t see it)
- Rat stressed? Excessive secretion of Harderian gland around eye leading to read tears
(=chromodacryorrhea)
Respiratory system
- 3 sections
, Anterior: nostrils, nasal cavities and nasopharynx
Intermediate: larynx, trachea and brochi
Posterior: left lung (1 lobe) and right lung (4 lobes)
- Slower breathing frequency than mice
Cardiovascular system
- Normal anatomy
- Exposure of heart to lateral thoracic left side
- Slower heart rate than mice
- Extra blood supply of atria
Gastro-intestinal system
- Omnivorous
- Coprophagy: eat feces bcs contains lots of bacteria (optimal nutritional activity)
- Weigh 250-500g + brown fat in neck region
- Rats cannot vomit! (due to missing nervous circuits, not bcs of divided stomach)
- No gallbladder
- Rib cage around liver
Urinogenital system
- Mammal: right kidney anterior to left
- Filtration area half as big compared to mice
- High concentrated urine (twice compared to humans)
- Females: 6 mammary glands throughout body, bicornate uterus, vaginal plate
degenerates and disappears
- Males: paired testes, highly developed accessory sex glands
- Sex determination: genital papilla more prominent in males + distance to anus bigger
- Hematology: males have more granulocytes and lymphocytes
Breeding and reproduction
System for breeding
- Monogamous: 1 male + 1 female
- Polygamous: 1 male + several females (mostly trio)
- Success depends on age, vibration, noise, light (continuous light can lead to persistent
estrus), diet (caloric restriction can stop estrus), temp (high temp can lead to male
infertility)
- Sexual maturity: 2-3 months old
Estrus cycle
- Confirmation of successful mating: presence of vaginal plug instead of pregnancy
Gestation and birth
- 21 à 23 days
- Implantation delayed with 3 to 7 days when lactating
- Maternal Abs cross yolk sac in utero (passive)
- Rarely pseudopregnancy
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