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Summary Information Systems for Business and Beyond (all chapters)
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Summary Information Systems for Business and BeyondContents
Chapter 1: What is an information System?..............................................................................2
Chapter 2: Hardware..................................................................................................................3
Chapter 3: Software...................................................................................................................5
Chapter 4: Data and databases..................................................................................................8
Chapter 5: Networking and Communication...........................................................................10
Chapter 6: Information Systems Security................................................................................13
Chapter 7: Does IT matter?......................................................................................................15
Chapter 8: Business processes.................................................................................................18
Chapter 9: The people in information systems........................................................................19
Chapter 10: information systems development......................................................................21
Chapter 11: Globalization and the digital divide......................................................................26
Chapter 12: The ethical and legal implications of information systems..................................27
Chapter 13: Future trends in information systems..................................................................29
1
,Chapter 1: What is an information System?
Information systems are:
- The study of complementary networks of hardware and software that people and
organizations use to collect, filter, process, create, and distribute data.
- Combinations of hardware, software, and telecommunications networks that people build
and use to collect, create, and distribute useful data, typically in organizational settings.
- Interrelated components working together to collect, process, store, and disseminate
information to support decision making, coordination, control, analysis, and visualization in
an organization.
The five components of information systems
- Technology = the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes.
o Hardware = the part of an information system you can touch. Computers, keyboards
o Software = a set of instructions telling hardware what to do. Two categories:
operating-system software, which makes hardware usable e.g. Windows, and
application software, which does something useful e.g. Excel.
o Data = a collection of facts. Aggregated, indexed and organized together into a
database, data can become a powerful tool for business.
(Communication) = connect to another device or to a network.
- Computer science
o People = people are an essential element.
o Process = a series of steps undertaken to achieve a desired outcome or goal.
Information systems are becoming more and more integrated with organisational
processes, bringing more productivity and better control to those processes.
The role of information systems
Components mentioned collect, store, organize, and distribute data throughout the organisation.
Another role is to take data and turn it into information, and then transform that into organizational
knowledge.
Manufacturing Resources Planning (MRP) = software running on a mainframe computer, gave
companies the ability to manage the manufacturing process, making it more efficient. It addresses
operational planning in units, financial planning, and has a simulation capability to answer what-if
questions an extension of closed loop MRP.
Client server = computer together as a way to collaborate and share resources. Because users would
log in to the local area network (LAN) from their PC (the “client”) by connecting to a powerful
computer called a “server” which would then grant them rights to different resources on the
network.
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) = a software application with a centralized database that can be
used to run a company’s entire business, representing the best information systems integration.
Can information systems bring competitive advantage? “Technology should be seen as something
like electricity: it should be managed to reduce costs, ensure that it is always running, and be as risk-
free as possible.” Every business person should understand what an information system is and how
it can be used to bring a competitive advantage.
2
, Chapter 2: Hardware
Hardware includes devices: laptop computers, desktop computers, mobile phones, e-readers,
storage devices (flash drives), input devices (keyboards, mice), and output devices (printers,
speakers).
Digital devices process electronic signals that represents a one (“on”)(represented by presence of
electionic signal) or a zero (“off”)(represented by absence of an electronic signal). One or zero = bit
(a connection of binary digit); a group of 8 bits is a byte.
Binary: far right 2^0 (ones), 2^1 (tens), 2^2 (fours), 2^3 (eights) etc. The number 1010 in binary
represents: (1 * 8) + (0 * 4) + (1 * 2) + (0 * 1). This evaluates to 10.
Prefix Represents Example
Kilo one thousand kilobyte = one thousand bytes
Mega one million megabyte = one million bytes
Giga one billion gigabyte = one billion bytes
Tera one trillion terabyte = one trillion bytes
Tour of a PC
All computers consist of same basic components: a CPU, memory, circuit board, storage, and
input/output devices.
Processing data: the CPU (Central Processing Unit)
The CPU carries out the commands sent to it by the software and returns to be acted upon. It’s a
chip performing a large variety of functions. The speed (“clock time”) is measured in hertz. Besides a
faster clock time, many CPU chips now contain multiple processors per chip. These chips are either:
- Dual-core (two processors) or;
- Quad-core (four processors).
Increasing the processing power of a computer by providing the capability of multiple CPUs.
Motherboard = a computer’s main circuit board. CPU, memory and storage components, among
other things connect into motherboard. It provides much of the bus (= the electrical connection
3
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