Samenvatting van het boek Europees recht Engelstalige literatuur fifth edition. De bijbehorende aantekeningen van de hoorcolleges, werkgroepen en de reader zijn er in verwerkt.
How the EU started: Germany and Italy became unified (verenigde) states.
- A powerful factor in the unification process was the surge (stijging) in nationalist sentiment.
- The 2 sides of nationalism:
1. Positive: the creation of unified states from disparate (ongelijke) states and the
idea of co-existence (samenleven) in a political entity.
2. Negative: WWI + WWII.
Responses to WWI and WWII:
1. 1945: establishment of the United Nations.
- Idea: create a peaceful conflict resolution in which conflicts could be resolved
through dialogue rather than conflict.
2. Establishment of the EEC (European Economic Community).
3. 1948: establishment of the NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization).
4. 1949: Statute on the Council of Europe was signed.
- Idea: providing a Committee of Ministers and a Parliamentary Assembly
- Known as: ECHR (European Convention on Human Rights)
5. 1954: establishment of the WEU (Western European Union).
Sources of primary law:
1. Treaty on European Union (TEU)
- Origins: treaty of Maastricht 1993
- Established the ECSC
2. Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)
- Origins: Treaty of Rome 1958 (EEC Treaty)
- Established the EEC
3. Charter of Fundamental Rights
- Fundamental rights of the citizens of the EU
3 – From ECSC to EEC
3.1 – European Coal and Steel Community: ECSC
Main features of the ECSC:
1. Supranational.
- The members states transferred their sovereignty to manage the resources coal and
steel to a supranational body: the high authority.
2. Limited in scope
- Only governing markets for coal and steel.
3. Treaty provisions applied to member states as well as individuals.
4. Centre-right political initiative
,- The focus on coal and steel was not only economical, but also political.
- Coal and steel were the most important materials for war.
Treaty of Paris (European Coal and Steel Community)
Established in 1952
Member states Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, France, Italy
How it started 1950: Schuman-declaration
- Schuman proposed the idea that Germany and France should administer their
coal and steel resources. Other states could join.
Aim (doel) - Focus was both political and economic.
- Establishing a common market for coal and steel.
- World peace by transferring coal and steel (the key goods of war) to a common
(gemeenschappelijk) supranational high authority. This made a new war
materially impossible.
- Trade liberalization (opheffen van handelsbeperkingen)
* Removing trade barriers
* Protect competition (concurrentie)
* Prevent big companies from abusing dominance
* Free market
Institutions 1. The high authority
- Task: main executive + decision-making power
- Composition: 9 independent appointees of the member state governments
2. Council
- Task: consultative (adviserend) and limited decision-making power
- Composition: representatives from each national government
3. Assembly
- Task: supervisory and advisory power
- Composition: delegates of the national parliaments
4. Court of justice
- Composition: 9 judges
3.2 – European Defence Community (EDC) and European Political Community (EPC)
The proposals that failed were:
1. The European Defence Community (EDC)
2. The European Political Community (EPC)
3.3 – European Economic Community (EEC)
European integration started to focus more specifically on economic integration.
- Results:
1. The establishment of Euratom (European Atomic Energy Community) by the 6 MS
2. The establishment of the EEC (European Economic Community) by the 6 MS
, Treaty of Rome (EEC + Euratom treaty)
Established in 1958
Member states Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, France, Italy
How it started The failure of the EDC and the EPC led to a greater focus on economic rather than
political aspects.
Aim (doel) - Established the EEC
- A common market
1. The 4 freedoms: free movement of goods, services, workers and capital.
2. Removal of trade barriers, for instance a common customs tariff
3. A level playing field (gelijk speelveld) (partijen opereren onder dezelfde
voorwaarden)
4. Harmonious development of economics
5. Closer relationships between member states
6. Stability and raising the standard of living
Institutions 1. Commission
- Legislative and executive power
- Right of initiative
- Watchdog (of correctly implementing of rules)
- Represents the community as negotiator of international agreements
2. Council
- Legislative power
- Votes on the proposed initiatives of the commission
- Composition: a national representative from each member state
3. Parliamentary Assembly
- Right to be consulted (minimum role in the legislative process)
- Motion of censure
4. Court of justice
* The Court of Justice + Parliamentary Assembly were shared between the ECSC
and EEC.
Decision-making: the commission proposed, the council disposes.
Difference between ECSC and EEC treaty: ECSC established a common market for coal and
steel, ECC established a common market for all goods, services, workers and capital.
4 – From EEC to the Single European Act
4.1 – Tensions within the Community
Developments before the SEA (Single European Act) was signed:
The Merger Treaty (1965) Merged the executive organs of the ECSC, Euratom and EEC.
- Result: the 3 communities now shared all 4 institutions.
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