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SAMENVATTING EUROPEAN LAWWeek 1: Freedom of establishment and freedom to provide services
Sources of EU-law:
Primary sources, binding documents:
o Treaties: TEU and TFEU
o Protocols and annexes
o EU-Charter of Fundamental Rights jo art. 6 TEU
Secondary sources: and
o Legislative acts: regulations and directives
o Non-legislative acts
Unwritten general principles of EU-law, like proportionality
Case Law of the CJEU
EU internal market:
Common market > internal market > digital market (26 TFEU)
3(3) TEU: concept of social market economy > market in Europe is not a nearly neo-
liberal notion, but social and other public interests are aloud
CJEU Gaston Schul p.33: ‘Merge the national markets into a single market bringing
about conditions as close as possible to those of a genuine internal market.’
How is it realised?
o Legal building blocks (now subjective rights for citizens):
Four freedoms (26 TFEU): primarily addressed to member states
(public authorities) > goods, persons, services and capital
EU competition rules: primarily addressed to private parties, but some
also to MS’s, like state aid provisions (Grundig Consten)
Harmonisation of national laws: in form of directive or regulation
Rules have direct effect (Van Gent & Loos) and national court
has to set aside national law > supremacy (Costa/NL)
o Philosophies of market integration:
Home country model: country where the goods are being
produced/marketed, sets the rules and standards. Not absolute, host
countries may deviate.
Host country model: other way around
Harmonized model: negative and positive integration instead of home
and host country
o Negative integration: by applying the rules of the treaty, national laws will
have to be set aside. National markets unite to one EU market, but not
absolute due to justification grounds, so market does not function. Therefore,
we need harmonization (positive integration), so positive action from the EU
and a common norm in EU level.
Differences in free movements:
- Free movement of goods is based upon customs union: provisions do not only apply
to goods originating from MS’s, but also from third countries (28 TFEU)
- Natural persons > human rights dimension and services/establishment > non-tangible
,Harmonization of national laws > building block of the internal market
Why? Negative integration is not enough, so there is positive integration:
o Removing barriers to trade and free movement
o Creating level playing field > f.e. on the free movement of handbags
o Protecting public interests
What? Approximation of laws
Effects:
o Before harmonisation: only treaty provisions on free movements
o After harmonisation: EU measures (legislative acts) become framework of
review (5 TEU jo 114 TFEU)
How much possibility to deviate for a Member State?
Treaty has become irrelevant. Framework is de directive
Different techniques of harmonisation
How to approach a case?
1. Always determine whether the situation falls under the scope of the free movement
(18 TFEU). In order to determine that, you have to see whether it falls under the
personal and material scope:
a. Personal scope > look at the article!
i. Person: does the person have the nationality of a MS? In case of free
movement of workers: is there a worker? Week 2 + Lawry Blum p.17
ii. Legal person: does this legal person (company) have its corporate seat
in a MS? Where has this company been incorporated?
iii. Also, in horizontal situations: (legal) person against private
organization (Viking + Wouters)
b. Material scope:
i. Is there an inter-state element? So, is there a link between two MS’s?
If there is not, there might be a strictly internal situation where EU-law
would not apply.
ii. Is there some sort of economic activity? Are there services provided
on the market of some sort of renumeration (money involved)? What
kind of activity? Different Treaty regimes:
1. Article 45 TFEU: free movement of workers (Reg. 492/2011).
Employee moves to MS to work for employer in that state.
a. Not applicable for public services (45(4) + Blum p.27)
b. See Week 2!
2. Article 49 TFEU: freedom of establishment (Gebhard, p. 25-28)
a. Moving to another MS/opening branch in MS
b. Self-employed > no direction
c. Continuous and stable
d. Permanent, so not temporary
3. Article 56/57 TFEU: free movement of services, OR worker sent
by employment agency > posted worker ((art. 2(1)) Dir. 96/71)
(Alpine Investments, Gebhard 25-28 & Watts):
a. Interstate element
b. Service itself (57 TFEU), has to be lawful! (Josemans)
c. Renumeration (directly, 57 TFEU, Watts)
, d. Temporary basis
4. Article 21/20 TFEU: economically non-active person (Dir.
2004/38), look at week 4!!!
c. In case of article 49 and 56 TFEU, check whether the Services Directive
applies, this is specialized and should be applied first. To determine this, you
have to look into article 2 and 3 of the Directive. If it applies, you are done
with the question.
i. Codification: article 9 (Gebhard) and article 16 (Alpine Investments)
ii. Restrictions only possible on basis of article 16(3)
2. Does the limiting national measure on free movement of this person form a
restriction?
a. Direct discrimination: restriction based on a forbidden criterion, like your
origin/nationality (18 TFEU) > only justifiable by treaty derogations!
b. Indirect discrimination: general/neutral rule that especially effects persons
from outside the MS. Criterion is being used which is easier to meet by
nationals by the regulation state, like language requirements.
i. Free movement of workers: Reg. 492/2011 art. 3(1b) + 7
c. Limitation of market access: all restrictions are prohibited! (always mention!)
i. Freedom of establishment (49 TFEU): Gebhard p.37
ii. Free movement of services (56 TFEU): Alpine Inv. p.38 (+ Watts p.98)
iii. Free movement of workers (45 TFEU): Bosman p.95-96
3. Is there a justification for the measure? Two types:
a. Express treaty derogations:
i. Freedom of establishment: 51 jo 52 TFEU
ii. Free movement of services: 62 jo 51 jo 52 TFEU
iii. Free movement of workers: 45(3) > Dir. 2004/38
b. Public interest justifications/rule of reason: in case law
i. Freedom of establishment: Gebhard p.37
ii. Free movement of services: Alpine Inv. p.44-45 + Watts p.106
iii. Free movement of workers: Bosman p.104-114 & Gebhard p.37
c. Directive/Regulation: look in the legislation itself, you do not have to conduct
the proportionality test!
4. Is the justified measure also proportionate? (FoE: Gebhard, FoS: Alpine Investments
p.45) > for FoW: see justification week 3!
a. Is the measure suitable/appropriate for the goal that it is trying to obtain?
b. Is the measure necessary? Or are there other less restrictive measures that
could be applied that would obtain the goal just as well?
c. Is the measure proportionate Stricto Sensu? Does this measure weigh up to
the restriction that it causes for the free movement of persons? Look at the
interests as a whole, you do noy have to get into this, just mention it.
Week 2: Free movement of workers and persons & posting of workers
Free movement of workers (45 TFEU):
Personal scope: who is a worker?
o Community meaning (Lawry Blum p.16)
o Three criteria (Lawry Blum p.17):
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