Experimental cell biology 1 - complete summary

EXPERIMENTAL
CELL BIOLOGY 1
Minor: Biomolecular science track
neuroscience




Claire Snel

,Inhoudsopgave
Lecture 1 – The basics........................................................................................................................................... 2

Lecture 2 – Energy metabolism ........................................................................................................................... 7

Lecture 3 – Scientific publications ..................................................................................................................... 16

Lecture 4 – Endosomal sorting .......................................................................................................................... 18

Lecture 5 – Membranes as borderlines 1 .......................................................................................................... 32

Lecture 6 – Synaptic vesicle cycle ...................................................................................................................... 44

Lecture 7 – Membranes as borderlines 2 .......................................................................................................... 57

Lecture 8 – Cellular stress response .................................................................................................................. 67

Lecture 9 – Transcriptional Control of Gene Expression................................................................................ 86

Lecture 10 – Question hour .............................................................................................................................. 100




1

,Lecture 1 – The basics
Cells basic features
Cells:
1. Membrane-enclosed unit of life
2. Metabolism (most characteristic feature of life)
3. Growth and division
4. Response to environmental signals, internal and external communication

Interdisciplinary
1. Biochemistry/molecular biology: factors involved?
2. Physiology: purpose or reason?
3. Bio technology: manipulate metabolism?
4. Biomedicine: modify/counteract?

Basic features of the cell
- Information flows from DNA to RNA to protein and then metabolites
o DNA – genetic material
o Proteins: workhorses
o Metabolites: molecules produced or altered by cell
>> Interplay between these factors is very important

Prokaryotic cell
- Small (1-5 micrometer)
- Single cell (like bacteria, except
biofilms)
- No membrane-enclosed
compartments
- Biochemically flexible

Eukaryotic cell
- Larger (20-50 micrometer)
- Many multi-cellular
- Membrane-enclosed
compartments

Compartments
1. Nucleus
2. Endoplasmatic reticulum
3. Golgi
4. Mitochondria
5. Lysosomes
6. Transport vesicles
7. Chloroplast




2

, Nucleolus (1)
→ DNA synthesis and transcription
→ The diameter is 5-10 micrometre
→ Surrounded by a double phosphorlipid membrane with nuclear pores
o Makes exchange/transport possible of RNA from inside to outside and
transcription factors from outside to inside the nucleus

Nucleolus: ribosome/ RNA synthesis




→ The nucleus membrane does not look
like a normal membrane because it is not
continuous, it is interrupted by nuclear
pores

o The nuclear pores must be big
enough so that proteins (e.g.
transcription factors) can enter
the nucleus

Link of accompanying paper below
➢ Figure 1 important !
➢ Certain areas of nucleolus is colored in red > protein (green) accumulates in the
nucleolus > system is headed, to destabilize the protein, unfold> the protein
localizes to parts of the nucleolus that is colored red
➢ https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aaw9157




Endoplasmatic reticulum (2)
→ Protein modification (foldings, glycosidation)
→ Transport/sorting
→ Closely connected to protein synthesis
→ Membrane proteins are inserted
in the ER
→ First station for secreted proteins
→ Mitochondrial fission (afsnoering)
is initiated by the ER



3