PHYSIOLOGY 261 QUIZ 1 (CONCEPT A)

PHYSIOLOGY 261 QUIZ 1 (CONCEPT A) Physiology - The study of the NORMAL FUNCTIONING of living organism and its components parts. Pathophysiology - The study of FAILURE to compensate homeostasis Teleological - ð The function explains the "WHY" (purpose or function of physiological process) Ex: Shivering elevates a low body temperature Mechanistic - ð - term for process or mechanism describes the "HOW" (cause and effect) Ex: When body temperature drops below normal, a reflex pathway causes involuntary oscillating skeletal muscle contractions. Homeostasis - 1. Regulation of body's internal environment/ BALANCE (Ex: temperature, pH, ion concentrations, and water) Negative feedback - Always establishing balance by itself (Ex: Body temperature, blood pressure, blood sugar and fluid content) Positive feedback - (snowball effect) feeding itself back (Ex: uterus when pregnant, hormone of oxytocin makes and then sends signals for more oxytocin until baby is born, or blood cloting, childbirth) Crossover study - Study to reduce variability, where each individual act both as EXPERIMENTAL SUBJECT and as CONTROL, but over 2 periods of time A placebo - - Is an INACTIVE substance (SUGAR PILL - no chemical subtance) - One difficulty in the human experiments arises from the Placebo (drugs that has no pharmacological effects) - A placebo works because a patient believes it will work Ex: When you experience the benefits of a medication because you believe it will be helpful even if that medication is inert. Nocebo effects - - In which changes take place even if the treatment is inactive - A nocebo harms a patient because that patient believes it will harm him Ex: If your health care provider mentions back pain as a potential adverse event, you may experience back pain—even if you take a sugar pill. Or, if you read an article about how that prescription can trigger migraine, you might get a headache after taking it. A hypothesis - A scientifically LOGICAL GUESS about how an event takes place Ex: Observation: Your car won't start. ð Question: Is the battery dead? ð Hypothesis: If the battery is dead, then jumper cables will help it to charge, and the car will start.