Definition
● Pharmacology → Knowledge about drugs or medicines; The art of preparing
medication
○ The science that deals with studying the reciprocal actions, or interactions,
between pharmacological substances and psychological processes
● Pharmacon → medicine / pharmaceutical product
Definition ‘Drug’
● English → Pharmacologically active substance
○ Medication or other substance with a physiological effect
○ Psychoactive substance for abuse, narcotic or stimulating
● Dutch → Psychoactive substance for abuse
○ Drug / stimulant with a more or less ‘drugging’ effect, which can lead to
dependence (addiction)
Classification
● Possible grounds include
○ Chemical structure
■ Interesting, but the same structure can have different effects
○ Working mechanism
■ Ideal, bit working mechanism
○ Behavioral effects
■ Easiest, linked to discord being treated
● However, there are other classifications
○
ATC NbN
Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Neuroscience-based Nomenclature
Behavioral effects → indication Working mechanism →
based pharmacologically driven
Older (1976) Newer (2018)
Gold standard (WHO) Taskforce 5 organizations
Cons: Cons:
● Use for other than primary ● New, not acknowledged by
disorder WHO / scientific community
● Stigma/patient adherence ● Lack of sufficient evidence
● Differences in nomenclature ATC versus NbN
○
ATC NbN
Antipsychotics Serotonin/Dopamine antagonists
, with antipsychotic actions
Antidepressants Monoamine reuptake inhibitors with
antidepressant action
Administration
● Includes four important stages
1. Absorption → from site of administration to blood
2. Distribution → throughout body
3. Metabolism → conversion by body
4. Excretion → elimination from body
Distribution
● In blood (albumin)
● Extracellular → blood plasma
● Intracellular → water in body cells
● Speed of distribution depends on lipid solubility (= the ability to dissolve through the
lipid (fat) portion of a membrane)
○ Through membranes → passive diffusion following concentration gradient
○ Higher lipid solubility → faster distribution
Important processes
● Pharmacokinetics
○ How does the body process the medication?
● Pharmacodynamics
○ How does the body respond to the medication?
Pharmacokinetics
● Change over time in terms of serum concentration of medication and metabolites
● Entire blood circulation takes +/- 1 minute
● Capillaries (= haarvaten)
○ 10 billion
○ 200 m^2
Pharmacodynamics
● Time - Concentration relation
○ To (Time o)
■ First: Large peak ik medication concentration in plasma → medication
administered
■ Then: Large decrease medication concentration in plasma → leaves
bloodstream, enters body
● Half-lives → Time for the medication to halve in concentration
○ Distribution half-live
■ Alpha phase
■ To → 50%
■ First half-live = important → onset action
○ Elimination half-live
■ Beta phase
■ Degradation (liver) and 50% excretion (kidneys)
■ Sixth half-live = important → eliminated / Stop action
○ Distribution half-live → How fast absorbed?
○ Elimination half-live → How fast eliminated?
Synapses
● Axonal ending forms synapse with postsynaptic neuron
○ Mitochondria provide energy
○ Neurotransmitter in vesicle
○ Receptors both sides of synaptic cleft
Special Neurons
● Pyramidal
○ Triangular cell body
○ Apical dendrite
○ One axon
○ Stimulating
○ Prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, entorinal cortex → EF, memory
● Chandelier
○ Axoaxonic
○ Inhibitory → inhibits/stops pyramid cells
○ Cortex
● Spiny
○ Dendrites shaped like spikes
○ Long axons
○ Striatum
● Purkinje
○ Dendrites shaped like a tree
○ One axon
○ Cerebellum
● Interneurons
○ Mainly brain and spinal cord (= CNS)
○ Provide neural circuit
○ Sensory ←→ motor
○ Local
■ Short axons
■ Analyze small pieces of information
○ Relay
■ Long axons
■ Over brain regions
● Basket
○ Dendrites shaped like a basket
○ Inhibitory interneuron
Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:
Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews
Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!
Snel en makkelijk kopen
Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of Stuvia-tegoed voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.
Focus op de essentie
Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper brens. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €6,49. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.
