Amsco APUSH Chapter 20 Already Graded A

Amsco APUSH Chapter 20 Already Graded A William Seward Secretary of State -kept foreign powers from joining Confed. side -led drive to annex Midway Island, build canal in Nicaragua , + buying Alaska Monroe Doctrine American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers (US would to war to protect) French in Mexico Napoleon III put troops in Mexico during the Civil War. Seward called on Monroe Doctrine + threatened US military action (French withdrew troops) Alaska purchase (1867) Russia sold it to Seward for $7.2 million Many people didn't see the value in it + called it "Seward's Folly/ Icebox" Pan-American Conference (1889) Conference called by James Blaine that created an organization of cooperation between the US and Latin American countries James Blaine Blaine hoped to reduce tariff rates (didn't happen) but goal of cooperation between the Pan-American Union happened + still exists today Venezuela boundary dispute An issue between Venezuela and the neighboring territory, the British colony of Guiana. Fixed when Olney and Cleveland convinced Britain to arbitrate. Cleveland and Olney British (colony Guiana) + Venezuela had boundary disputes. - US applied Monroe Doctrine to British + said give it up or we'll use force. -Brits agreed to demands in order to protect friendship w/ USA Two countries friendship rather than continuing former rivalry Hawaii Outbreak of war in Philippines allowed McKinley to annex Hawaii in 1898, became US territory in 1900, 50th state in 1959 Pearl Harbor (FDR) , 1941 United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II. Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941. Queen Liluokalani Queen of Hawaii, expansionists wanted to overthrow her Cleveland blocks annexations ... international Darwinism survival of the fittest nation. Manifest destiny extended into the Caribbean, Central America, + Pacific Ocean business and imperialist competitiors ... spreading religion and science ... Josiah Strong "Our Country: Its Possible Future + Present Crisis" wrote that people of the Anglo-Saxon race were the "fittest to survive" + Protestant Americans had the duty to spread Christianity + superior society to "less fortunate" nations. RACIAL + RELIGIOUS SUPERIORITY expansionist politicians endorsed use of foreign affairs to search for new markets + were eager to build US power through expansion (Henry Cabot Lodge + Teddy Roosevelt) steel and steam navy Congress built modern steel ships, by 1900 US had the 3rd largest navy in the world Alfred Thayer Mahan wrote the Influence of Sea Power Upon History, argued strong navy = successful foreign expansion (securing foreign markets + becoming a world power) nationalist media newspapers + magazine editors told cool stories of exotic lands to sell more copies , this sparked public interest + increased demands for US to get a big role in world affairs Cuban revolt People tried to revolt against Spanish presence + gain US as an ally, Spanish led by General Valeriano Weyler - concentration camps "Butler Weyler" and other brutalities spread by American press generated US support Valeriano Weyler Spain sent General him r + more than 100,000 troops to crush Cuban revolt + force civilians onto camps (many died or starved) Weyler became known as "The Butcher" in US press "jingoism" an intense form of nationalism calling for an aggressive foreign policy "yellow journalism" Pulitzer + Hearst printed false / sensational headlines which aroused public support for war to liberate Cuba from Spain De Lome Letter Letter by Spanish diplomat criticizing President McKinley leaked to newspapers sinking of the Maine ship sunk mysteriously in Havana harbor (260 US died) Yellow journalism accused it as an attack from Spain Teller Amendment declared US had no intention of taking control of Cuba + that once peace was restored on the island, Cubans would control their own government "a splendid little war" another name for the Spanish-American war invade the Philippines Teddy sent George Dewey to capture this island nation, without permission of McKinley George Dewey ordered by Teddy w/o McKinley's permission to capture the Philippines Rough Riders led by Teddy Roosevelt, troop of US volunteers who led successful charge up San Juan Hill (Cuba fell shortly after) Theodore Roosevelt 26th President. Increased size of Navy, "Great White Fleet". Added Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine. "Big Stick" policy. Received Nobel Peace Prize for mediation of end of Russo-Japanese war. Later arbitrated split of Morocco between Germany and France. Treaty of Paris : Puerto Rico 1) Recognition of Cuban independence 2) US acquisition of Puerto Rico + Guam 3) US acquisition of Philippines ($20 million paid to Spain) Guam and Philippines US claimed these 2 nations as their own territories as a result of the Spanish-American war annexation dispute -Anti-imperialists said it would entangle US in Asian affairs + was not inline with natural rights -Imperialists said it was American's moral duty to civilize the islands + would be a good trading partner IMPERIALISTS GOT THEIR WISHES Emilio Aguinaldo Filipino General - helped US take Philipines during Spanish-American war - helped Philippines gain freedom from US Anti-Imperialist League led by group of anti-imperialists that advocated for isolationism. Opposed annexation of Philippines saying it would violate US in its long standing commitment to "life, liberty, + pursuit of happiness" + would entangle US in Asian conflicts Insular cases Supreme Court ruled that Constitutional Rights were not automatically extended to territorial possessions + that the power to decide whether or not to grant such rights belonged to Congress Platt Amendment (1901) Required Cuba to... 1) Never sign treaty w/ foreign power that impaired its independence 2) Permit US to intervene w/ Cuba's affairs to preserve its independence and law + order 3) Allow US to have naval bases + a permanent one @ Guantanamo Bay SUBJECTED CUBA TO US CONTROL spheres of influence European powers set up these in China to gain political leverage + exclusive commercial privleges John Hay Was the Secretary of State in 1899; dispatched the Open Door Notes to keep the countries that had spheres of influence in China from taking over China and closing the doors on trade between China and the U.S. Open Door policy A policy proposed by the US (John Hay) in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China Boxer Rebellion A 1900 Uprising in China aimed at ending foreign influence in the country. U.S. joined international force US became part of the foreign presence in China + safe guarded the Western Hemisphere through the Monroe Doctrine Second Hay Note proposed US commitment to 1) Preserving China's territorial integrity + 2) Safeguard "equal + impartial trade w/ all parts of China's Empire" "big-stick policy" Roosevelt's philosophy - In international affairs, ask first but bring along a big army to help convince them. Threaten to use force, act as international policemen TR supports Panama revolt Panama revolts against Colombia w/ aid of US force preventing Colombian troops from crossing the Isthmus Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903) granted the US the right to build a canal (Colombia protested, but building continued) building the Panama Canal The building was hard because of malaria + yellow fever and bc the canal had to be dug. George Goethals United States army officer and engineer who supervised the construction of the Panama Canal William Gorgas Army physician who helped eradicate Yellow Fever and Malaria from Panama so work on the Panama Canal could proceed Roosevelt Corollary Addition to the Monroe Doctrine asserting America's right to intervene in Latin American affairs by using military force Santo Domingo British stood ready to intervene to make this place pay it's debts, but the U.S. intervened instead. Russo-Japenese War Russia and Japan both wanted Korea. the US stepped in and helped Japan lower its offerings to agree to a peaceful treaty (Portsmouth Treaty) Treaty of Portsmouth (1905) Treaty between Russia + Japan mediated by Roosevelt . Led the two rival foes to a peaceful agreement. Japanese Nationalists were pissed @ US bc they felt they didn't get all they deserved from Russia Noble Peace Prize (1906) Teddy Roosevelt received this award for his global peace keeping efforts segregation in San Francisco schools Japan felt insulted that US discriminated against Japanese Americans gentlemen's agreement Agreement when Japan agreed to curb the number of workers coming to the US and in exchange Roosevelt agreed to pursued Cali into repealing discriminating laws Great White Fleet Roosevelt sent fleet of battleships on a cruise around the world to show naval power. Japan warmly welcomed the ships to Tokyo Bay Hague Conference conference at which the Great Powers discussed arms reduction, demonstrated internationalism Root-Takahira Agreement (1908) Secretary of State Elihu Root + Japanese Ambassador Takahira exchanged pledges of mutual respect for each nation's Pacific possessions + support for Open Door Policy in China William Howard Taft Twenty-seventh president of the United States; he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff. He lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term. role of American money railroads in China Taft succeeded in securing American participation in agreement in 1911 to buy railroads in China with Germany and France, US was excluded from buying railroads in Manchuria because of joint agreement between Russia and Japan, direct defiance of Open Door Policy Manchurian problem intervention in Nicaragua Taft sent marines here when a civil war broke out, help in financial affairs, remained until 1933 Henry Cabot Lodge Lodge Corollary stated that non-European powers could not own territory in the Western Hemisphere Woodrow Wilson -Called for new freedom in gov. + moral approach to foreign affairs. - Opposed Imperialism , Big-Stick Policy, + Dollar-Diplomacy -Hoped to demonstrate US as respectful of foreign nations (hoped would spread democracy) anti-imperialism belief that the U.S. should not expand its territory overseas and that the U.S. should just be a normal country and leave the other countries alone William Jennings Bryan "Our form of government, our traditions, our present interests, and our future welfare, all forbid our entering upon a career of conquest." Pet project was Conciliation Treaties Jones Act (1916) 1.) Granted full territorial status to that country 2.) Guaranteed bill of rights + universal male suffrage 3.) Promised independence for Philippines as soon as govt. established Puerto Rico citizenship Wilson gave US citizenship to all Puerto Rican inhabitants + limited self-govt. Conciliation treaties Bryan's pet project was to negotiate treaties in which nation pledged 1) submit disputes to international commissions 2) observe 1 yr cooling-off period before military action military interventions use the military in a certain part of the world to solve a problem Mexican civil war Fransisco Villa, a dictator, rose to power in Mexico. The USA Attempted and failed his capture. General Huerta Mexican revolutionary whose bloody regime Wilson refused to recognize and nearly ended up fighting Tampico incident An arrest of American sailors by the Mexican government that spurred Woodrow Wilson to dispatch the American navy to seize the port of Veracruz in April 1914. Although war was avoided, tensions grew between the US and Mexico. ABC powers Argentina, Brazil, + Chile intervened in Tampico incident Pancho Villa 1916, Led a raid across the US/Mexican border, murdering people in NM and TX. Wilson sent army to go after Villa. US was probably on verge of war with Mexico, but WWI tore US away. expeditionary force the name given to the group set out to capture Pancho Villa John J. Pershing US general who chased Villa over 300 miles into Mexico but didn't capture him