Obesity (Sherpath) Latest Update with Verified Solutions

Obesity (Sherpath) Latest Update with Verified Solutions Primary obesity is the most common cause of obesity resulting from the excess calorie intake over energy expenditure for the body's metabolic demands. Environmental factors causing obesity: Greater access to prepackaged and fast foods Larger portion sizes Lack of physical activity Sedentary recreation Lack of low calorie nutritious foods accessible to those of low socioeconomic status Secondary obesity is the result of: Congenital anomalies Chromosomal anomalies Metabolic problems Central nervous system lesions and disorders Neuropeptide Y imbalance The hypothalamus, gut, and adipose tissue synthesize hormones and peptides that stimulate or inhibit the appetite. Hormones and Peptides Site of Production - Stomach Normal Function Stimulates appetite Increased after food deprivation Decreased in response to food in the stomach Alteration in Obesity Normal postprandial decline does not occur, which can lead to increased appetite and overeating Leptin Adipocyte Suppresses - Site of Production Normal Function appetite and hunger Regulates eating behavior Alteration in Obesity Obesity is associated with high levels. Leptin resistance develops; thus obese people may lose the effect of appetite suppression Insulin Pancreas - Site of Production Normal Function Decreases appetite Alteration in Obesity Increased insulin secretion with obesity, which stimulates increased liver synthesis of triglycerides and decreased HDL production Peptide YY ColonInhibits - Site of Production Normal Function appetite by slowing GI motility and gastric emptying Alteration in Obesity Circulating levels are decreased. There is decreased release after eating Cholecystokinin Duodenum Jejunum - Site of Production Normal Function Inhibits gastric emptying and sends satiety signals to hypothalamus Alteration in Obesity Unknown role Body Mass Index (BMI): Normal body weight: BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m2 Overweight: BMI 25-29.9 kg/m2 Obese: BMI ≥30 kg/m2 Severely obese: BMI 40 kg/m2 WHR = Waist measurement (cm)/Hip measurement (cm) WHR 0.8: optimal WHR 0.8: at risk for health complications Apple-shaped body