De complete samenvatting met al het materiaal voor het vak 'Child Abuse and Neglect'. Inclusief alle hoorcolleges and artikelen.
Complete summary of all the literature and lectures of the course 'Child Abuse and Neglect'
Child abuse – College 1 – Introduction and consequences
Information about the course
- Exam material: All literature in the syllabus, lecture slides
- Exam: 3 Open ended questions and 20 multiple-choice
How many families are we talking about?
- Nederland:
• 4-16% Physical abuse.
• 10% Neglect/Emotional abuse
• 5-10 % Sexual abuse
- Tip of the iceberg. These are the kids you are sure of, but many children are
undetected
- Nederland vs. worldwide. Hard to measure because of cultural differences
- Source? Official records? Parent/teacher/professional/child report?
Grey areas:
- Vegan diet for young children / Other strict diets
- Obesity
- Cultural differences
Statements
1. Non-accidental burning a child is an example of physical abuse.
→ True.
2. Not taking a child to the doctor when he/she needs to is an example of emotional
abuse
→Not true. It is emotional neglect. It is not physical neglect (not giving food/shelter).
It is medical neglect.
3. Drunk driving by the parent (with the child in the same care) is an example of physical
neglect.
→ True. The parent is depriving the child of a safe environment.
4. Locking a child in a room is an example of emotional neglect
ACE-study (Vincent Felitti)
- Focus: Study naar obesity, weight and At-first Childhood Experiences (ACE)
- CAN is related to any aspects of physical and mental health
- Cumulative effect (more types of CAN more chance)
- ACEs:
→ Psychological abuse
→ Physical abuse
→ Sexual abuse
→ Substance abuse in household
→ Mental illness in household
Aces are related to:
- Physical and mental health
- Social development
- Educational outcomes
- Child’s developing brain structure
- Neuroendocrine system
PCEs (Positive Childhood Experiences) (Hinojosa)
- Large sample: 22.628 aged 6-17
- National Survey of Childrens Health – Parent report
- Mental health disorders
- Added ACEs:
→ Divorce, discrimination, sibling violence
- PCEs:
→ Supportive relationships (family communication, mentorship
→ Safe, stable environment (neighborhood safety and support)
→ Opportunities for constructive social engagement (sport, other lessons/activities)
-
→ Moderation effect of PCEs on ACEs and mental health disorders
- Critical view:
→ Parent reports. Are they trustworthy?
, → Causality?
→ Other PCEs?
CAN subtypes and health – Clemens
- Random selection of households
- N = 2510. Mean age = 48,4
- Childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ)
- Results: zie table (slides of article)
- Sexual abuse is the only type of maltreatment that was not related to áll diseases
- Critical view:
→ M age: 48. Retrospective design?
→ One questionnaire. Is that enough?
→ Mechanisms? Biological: HPA axis dysregulation, chronic inflammatory processes,
socioeconomic, behavioral
MUSP – Stratheam
- Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (longitudinal study of 40 year)
- 14 years (5200) and 21 years (3778)
- Self-reports and cognitive testing
- Substantiated maltreatment
- 46 outcomes:
→ Cognition and education
→ Psychological and mental health
→ Addiction & substance abuse
→ Sexual health
→ Physical health
- Outcomes:
→ Lower cognitive scores
→ Negative education/employment outcomes
→ Mental health problems
→ Substance abuse and addiction
→ Sexual health problems
→ Physical health problems
→ Emotional abuse and neglect most associations
- Critical view
→ Selfreports?
→ Only 7% experiences CAN
Childhood maltreatment and obesity – Tan
- 44 data sets from 41 studies
- 190.000 participants
- Maltreated individuals more likely to be obese
- Critical view
→ Causality? Are obese children more likely to be maltreated? Maltreatment →
depression → Obesity?
→ Association nonsignificant for children
, → Childhood maltreatment associated with progressive increase of body mass over
time, after maltreatment occurred.
Study question:
1. What could be a problem with retrospective studies about the consequences of CAN?
2. What is the meta-analytic evidence for long-term consequences of child maltreatment?
3. What do we consider as Can and which types do we distinguish?-
4. Explain the following sentence: ACEs have a cumulative effect on the development of
psychological and physical problems
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