CSFA Exam study guide with 100% correct answers 2024.

Procedure performed to remove the entire breast and axillary contents but spare the Pectoralis major. - answer-Modified Radical Mastectomy The Spinal Column consists of how many Vertebrae ? - answer-33 ( 7 Cervical , 12 Thoracic , 5 Lumbar , 5 fused Sacral, and 4 fused Coccygeal) Name the Four Distinct Curvatures of the Spine - answer-Cervical Lordosis , Thoracic Kyphosis, Lumbar Lordosis, and Sacral Kyphosis In the Spine, What separates the dura mater from it's bony framework? - answer-A layer of epidural fat Most Frequently occurring tumors of the spine - answer-Metastatic tumors (the spine is the most common site for Skeletal Metastasis) (!!!) Newborn Vomiting, free of bile, and projectile in nature is indicative of what diagnosis ? - answer-Pyloric Stenosis Neurological Disorder, characterized by excruciating , "piercing" pain in the face is indicative of what diagnosis ? - answer-Trigeminal Neuralgia Neurotransmitter/Hormone that mediates impulse transmission at most Post-ganglionic Sympathetic Nerve endings - answer-Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) Neurotransmitter at all parasympathetic and pre-ganglionic sympathetic neurons - answer-Acetylcholine The Right subclavian artery is a branch of what preceding Vessel ? - answer-The Brachiocephalic trunk (aka The innominate Artery) The wall of the heart consists of how many layers ? - answer-3 ( epicardium or pericardium, myocardium , endocardium) The vein that drains the Right Side of the Vertebral column - answer-The Azygos Vein Device used to siphon off excess CSF into the abdomen thereby decreasing intracranial pressure - answer-VP(vetriculo-peritoneal) shunt Veins that drain the intracranial sinuses to veins outside of the skull - answer-Emissary Veins Disorder characterized by a compression of the Abductor Pollicis Longus and Extensor Pollicis Brevis Tendons near the radial styloid process - answer-De Quervain's Tenosynovitis Following an injury to the lower limb, the patients lower leg can easily be displaced anteriorly on a fixed thigh, this is indicative of injury to what structure? - answer-ACL (anterior cruciate ligament) tear Most frequently injured tendon of the rotator cuff - answer-The supraspinatus (aka supraspinous) tendon Typical Potassium levels - answer-3.5 - 5.5 mEq/L ( you buy bananas in bunches of 3 - 5)(lab value ranges can vary from lab to lab) Typical blood PH - answer-7.35 - 7.45 (lab value ranges can vary from lab to lab) Suture technique used to relieve tension on a hand-sewn bowel anastomosis - answer-Lembert Where are intercostal nerves and vessels located in relation to an individual rib? - answer-On the Inferior surface of the rib Avascular area of Mesentery that is helpful in locating the Middle colic Artery (a branch of the SMA) - answer-The Space of Riolan A civil wrong committed against a person or property (does not include breaches of contract) - answer-Tort Most common Hernia variation in Females - answer-Indirect Inguinal Hernia A sigmoid colostomy is brought to the skins surface through which muscle? - answer-The Rectus Abdominus (this results in lower incidences of peristomal hernias postoperatively) The nourishing coat of the eye that consists mainly of blood vessels - answer-The Choroid The Head of the Pancreas, is surrounded by what alimentary structure? - answer-The Duodenum Legal principle that holds everyone responsible for their own acts of negligence - answer-The principle of Personal Liability A patient presenting with Increased WBC , Bilirubin, Alkaline phosphatase and positive blood cultures is likely suffering from.... - answer-Cholangitis ( an inflammation of the Bile duct system) The most common cancer of the Liver is ? - answer-Metastatic disease The most common primary malignant disease of the Liver is? - answer-Hepatocellular Carcinoma (accounts for 85% of all primary malignancies of the liver) If a Meckel's diverticulum were suspected, where should we look for it? - answer-two feet proximal to the Ileocecal valve or ICV A pair of lateral apertures that are one of three sites that CSF can enter the subarachnoid space - answer-Foramen of Luschka Dumping Syndrome is a possible complication of what Bariatric procedure? - answer-Gastric Bypass In which procedure would the patient be in the Supine position with their right side slightly elevated by a wedge? - answer-C-section (this is done to reduce the pressure the uterus imparts upon the Vena cava) Procedure in which all external female genital organs are removed including the clitoris , labia, vaginal introitus and nearby lymph nodes as well as skin and subcutaneous tissue. - answer-Radical Vulvectomy The donor left Kidney is preferred in order to procure the additional length of what structure ? - answer-The renal vein ( this is due to the left kidney being situated contra-lateral to the vena cava, this causes the development of a longer vein on that side) Which nerve is affected in Carpal tunnel syndrome ? - answer-The median nerve The long thoracic nerve runs along the lateral border of the chest and supplies the Serratus anterior, if this nerve were to be injured this could result in what condition ? - answer-Winged Scapula ( an abnormal protrusion of the scapula caused by a loss of serratus anterior function) The Largest nerve in the Body , delivering signals to the muscles and skin of the upper and lower legs and feet is the ? - answer-Sciatic Nerve How is the Kocher maneuver defined? - answer-Dissection of the lateral peritoneal attachments allowing visualization of the duodenum, pancreas, and other retro-peritoneal structures. A birth defect in which an infants abdominal organs are formed outside of the belly often covered by a thin transparent membrane - answer-An Omphalocele (also called an exomphalos) Shoulder dislocation frequently causes injury to which nerve? - answer-The Axillary nerve During a Hip ORIF using cannulated screw fixation, done for non-displaced femoral neck fractures , in what pattern are the screws placed and which screws are compressed first? - answer-The screws are placed in an Inverted triangle formation or a V shaped formation , with one screw superior-anterior, one inferior anterior and one posterior. the anterior screws are compressed initially. The most common cause of mitral valve stenosis - answer-Rheumatic fever ( a complication of strep throat or scarlet fever) can cause the mitral valve to thicken The most common congenital Heart defect is ? - answer-Ventricular septal defect ( occurs in 2% to 7% of all live births and accounts for 20% of congenital heart defects according to the AHA) Cardioplegia Solution ( a sterile, non-pyrogenic , isotonic formulation of electrolytes and water) is used in what manner? - answer-It is used to induce cardiac arrest during open heart surgery Possible choices of bypass conduit for a coronary artery bypass graft include... - answer-The Greater Saphenous Vein, Internal Mammary Artery, the Gastroepiploic Artery, and the Radial Artery. Insufficient blood flow to the myocardium may lead to what condition? - answer-myocardial infarction ( a blockage of blood flow to the muscle of the heart that triggers cardiac arrest) The Area of the brain, located in the frontal gyrus that controls speech? - answer-Broca's Area Considered the great sensory nerve of the face and head - answer-Cranial Nerve V , Trigeminal Fracture most commonly associated with a fatty embolism - answer-Femoral Fractures (though all long bones carry this risk if fractured it is most commonly associated with femur fractures) The Descending Abdominal Aorta bifurcates into the Left and Right Common Iliac Arteries at which spinal level ? - answer-L4-L5 A spinal injury near levels C3 to C5 presents a great risk for what condition ? - answer-Respiratory compromise ( due to paralysis of the diaphragm) Nerves that Innervate the Diaphragm - answer-Phrenic Nerves Shoulder pain after Laproscopic surgery can be attributed to irritation of which nerves ? - answer-The phrenic nerves of the diaphragm At what age is repair of a cleft lip recommended ? - answer-3 months old Sutures in the ear may be removed after a period of how many days ? - answer-10-14 days , (about twice as long as other places on the body) For a jaw bone replacement , where would be a common place to harvest autologous graft from ? - answer-The Fibula ( up to 25cm of fibular bone may be taken for mandibular reconstruction ) Malignant conditions that may require a Splenectomy include ? - answer-Hodgkins Lymphoma ( a blood cancer that starts in the lymphatic system) Non-hodgkins lymphomas, and Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia Purpura (an immune disorder in which blood does not clot well due to an abnormally low number of platelets) Which Cranial Nerve innervates the lateral rectus muscle of the eye? - answer-Cranial nerve VI , Abducens (ab-doo-sens) During an open AAA repair, which Arteries are cross-clamped prior to cross-clamping the Aorta ? - answer-The Iliac Arteries The center structure of the Intervertebral disc that may herniate is called ? - answer-the nucleus pulposus What is the best indication for an endoscopic AAA repair ? - answer-A proximal infra-renal neck remnant of 1-2 cm, this is necessary for proper fixation of the graft. A chalazion is a chronic inflammation of what structure ? - answer-The meibomian glands ( oil glands along the edge of the eyelids) What type of Surgery would a Vulsellum clamp be used in ? - answer-Gynecological Surgery Which organ is frequently trapped in the inguinal hernia sac of female patients ? - answer-The Ovary, frequently accompanied by a portion of the fallopian tube The opthalmic artery divides into what two arteries ? - answer-Supraorbital, and Supratrochlear What anastomosis is required following a total colectomy ? - answer-an Ileo-anal anastomosis (creating an ileal pouch that is anastomosed to the anus and rectum) The anatomical landmark located between the internal and external anal sphincters ? - answer-The white line of Hilton A thin vascular membrane , or veil-like adhesion, covering the ascending colon from the cecum to the hepatic flexure. - answer-Jackson's Membrane, (aka Jackson's veil) Calot's Triangle as described in 1891 is bordered by what structures? - answer-The cystic duct, the common Hepatic duct, and the cystic artery (not to be confused with the cysto-hepatic triangle) The cysto-hepatic triangle is bordered by what structures ? - answer-The cystic duct, the common hepatic duct, and the inferior margin of the liver(not to be confused with Calot's triangle) From where does the Greater Omentum originate ? - answer-The greater curvature of the stomach These fractures present a particularly high risk of infection - answer-Open fractures (fractures in which the bony fragments have penetrated the skin) The Ulnar Nerve is frequently encountered in surgeries of the elbow. An injury to the Ulnar nerve can result in Ulnar nerve palsy, describe the symptoms that the patient might encounter. - answer-Loss of sensation in the ring and small fingers (fourth and fifth phalanges) Loss of dexterity , burning or tingling sensations in the hand, a loss of grip strength, weakness that worsens with physical activity. The most commonly occuring Skin cancer is... - answer-Basal cell carcinoma (accounts for 70% of skin malignancies) An enzyme sometimes added to local anesthetics or dyes to increase diffusion - answer-Hyaluronidase The dural plane that separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum is called - answer-The transverse tentorium cerebelli This structure is the origin point of the Thoracic duct - answer-The cisterna chyli ( dilated lymphatic sac in the abdomen into which lymph from the intestinal trunks and two lumbar lymphatic trunks flow) The name for the anastomosis of arcades between the SMA and IMA - answer-The anastomosis of Riolan What is the name for the small pancreatic duct? - answer-The duct of Santorini (I used the mnemonic, " the Santorini is teeny".) The anatomical division between the Inguinal and Femoral regions is known as... - answer-The ligament of Poupart ( a band running from the pubic tubercle to the ASIS or anterior superior iliac spine) The base of the ascending aorta is also known by what other name? - answer-The sinuses of Valsalva The spiral valves of the gallbladder are also known as ... - answer-Heister Valves ( The spiral valves of Heister) This clinical test is used to diagnose De quervain's tenosynovitis - answer-Finklesteins test Name cranial nerves I, II, and III. - answer-I olfactory, II optic, III occulomotor (I used the mnemonic, Occasionally Our Old Trusty Truck Acts Funny, Very Good Vehicle Any How) What bones comprise the pelvic girdle? - answer-The Sacrum, the Coccyx, and the bones of the OS Coxae (which include the ilium, ischium and pubis) Ilium vs Ileum, which means which ? - answer-The Il(i)um is a bone of the pelvis, the Il(e)um is a portion of the small intestine. ( don't let this trip you up) Name cranial nerves XI and XII - answer-XI the spinal accessory(or accessory) XII the hypoglossal What nerve is at greatest risk for injury in the presence of a humeral shaft fracture? - answer-The Radial Nerve Which artery is clamped first during a carotid endarterectomy ? - answer-The Internal Carotid What type of fistula could result in a leakage of urine into the vagina? - answer-Vesico-vaginal How is an Enterocele defined? - answer-An Enterocele is a herniation of the cul-de-sac of Douglas into the vagina, it is usually accompanied by loops of small bowel How is a Lefort III fracture identified ? - answer-remembered as the glasses pattern fracture, it involves a transverse separation of the nasofrontal suture, medial orbital wall, lateral orbital wall ( or zygomatic frontal suture) zygomatic arch and pterygoid plate. Also known as a craniofacial disjunction. Common pathogen found in decubitus ulcers - answer-Staphylococcus Aureus on an ECG , the T-wave represents ? - answer-Ventricular re-polarization(preparing to contract) on an ECG , the P-wave represents ? - answer-Atrial Depolarization (contraction) Before the Carotid bifurcation is manipulated , The carotid sinus may be anesthetized to prevent what complication ? - answer-severe bradycardia and hypotension. Where is the Splenius muscle located? - answer-The posterior aspect of the neck What is the name for the Sacculations of the colon? - answer-Haustra Where is bile concetrated via water absorption? - answer-In the gallbladder The primary Bronchi divide and subdivide into smaller branches referred to as ... - answer-Bronchioles Hesselbachs Triangle is a very important landmark in hernia procedures, It's borders are formed by what structures? - answer-The inferior edge of the rectus abdominus, The inferior epigastric vessels, and the Inguinal ligament. Hernias that occur directly within Hesselbach's triangle are naturally referred to as ... - answer-Direct Hernia's Antibiotic contraindicated in pregnant women and pediatric patients - answer-Ciprofloxacin (it can interfere with growth plates) Mannitol is an example of what class of drug ? - answer-Osmotic Diuretics (mannitol specifically can affect renal vascular resistance) Where is the node of Lund located? - answer-within the triangle of Calot How is McArdle's disease defined? - answer-A muscle phosphorylase deficiency ( a glycogen storage disease) ( this disease contraindicates the use of a pneumatic tourniquet ) During an ACDF screws are inserted laterally rather than straight or a medial angle, this could result in injury of what structure(s) ? - answer-The Vertebral Arteries The bladder is supported by the retrovesical fascia also called ? - answer-Denonvillier's Talipes Varus is more commonly known as what? - answer-Club-foot The tibial and peroneal nerves are terminal branches of what preceding nerve? - answer-The sciatic Cystocele vs Rectocele vs Enterocele , attempt to differentiate these. - answer-All three are herniations into the vagina, a Cystocele is a herniation of the bladder through the anterior vaginal wall, a Rectocele is a Herniation of the Rectum into the posterior Vaginal wall, and an Enterocele is a herniation of the Cul-de-sac of Douglas, containing small loops of bowel typically. Typical Lab value for Cholesterol - answer-120-200 mg/dL ( lab values ranges can vary from lab to lab.) A safe time lapse between blood draw and analysis - answer-10 minutes , any longer may yield inaccurate or no longer accurate readings. A laceration or avulsion of the extensor tendon , at the PIP (proximal inter-phalangeal) joint, is known as a ... - answer-A Boutonniere deformity In cases of Adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas, Jaundice can result, this is a result of compression of what structure? - answer-The Bile duct An enzyme that aids in the digestion of proteins , and where is this enzyme produced ? - answer-Trypsin, is produced in the pancreas Risk of rupture exceeds risk of surgery for patients with AAA's that are what size or larger ? - answer-Sources vary, but a close average would be , 6 cm or larger. What nerve is encountered running along the spermatic cord? - answer-The Ilioinguinal Nerve (critical to protect during Hernia procedures, this nerve supplies several structures including the anterior surface of the scrotum or labia majora, root of the penis or mons pubis, and a small portion of the upper antero-medial thigh. It also innervates the internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles. The duodenum receives bile under what specific conditions ? - answer-The gallbladder must contract, and the hepatopancreatic sphincter(also called the Sphincter of Oddi, or Glissons sphincter) must relax. what is a serous cystadenoma ? - answer-A benign disease of the pancreas in which cysts filled with clear watery fluid from , usually at the head of the pancreas. Generally has a good prognosis. Nerves dissected from the lesser curvature during a highly selective vagotomy - answer-the nerves of laterjet Vesico-Ureteral reflux or VUR is a disease in infants and small children in which the flow of urine is reversed , this condition can be treated by what surgical procedure? - answer-Ureteral re-implantation. How can we differentiate between a Billroth 1 and Billroth 2 procedure ? - answer-a Billroth 1 is a removal of the gastric pylorus and subsequent gastroduodenostomy a Billroth 1 is a removal of the gastric antrum with a subsequent gastrojejunostomy During a decompression of Guyon's canal, what two structures lying in this space must be identified and protected ? - answer-The ulnar nerve and artery Can you remember your 5 birds ? - answer-EsophaGUS , AzyGOS vein, Hemi-AzyGOS vein, VaGUS nerve, and thoracic DUCt Most common site of Compartment sydrome - answer-the anterior compartment of the lower leg Name for the Deep fissure between the cerebral hemispheres - answer-the longitudinal fissure What layers are dissected through using a McBurney Incision ? - answer-The internal and external oblique muscles, transversus abdominus , and peritoneum On an ECG, the R wave represents what action of the heart ? this action should naturally correspond to the patients pulse. - answer-The R wave, lying withing the QRS complex , represents Ventricular Depolarization (contraction) Strong Fibrous ligament of the spine, that courses down along the Anterior surface of the vertebral bodies from skull base to sacrum. - answer-The Anterior longitudinal Ligament These structures located deep in the brain, which include the caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus in the cerebrum, the substantia nigra in the midbrain, and the subthalamic nucleus in the diencephalon are grouped together under what structural name. - answer-The basal ganglia We would perform a T2 ganglionectomy to treat what condition ? - answer-Palmar Hyperhydrosis (sweaty palms) The III Oculomotor nerve may be affected by aneurysms of what artery ? - answer-the posterior communicating artery (the left and right posterior communicating arteries form part of the circle of Willis) Another name for a Nephroblastoma ? - answer-Wilm's tumor (these may cause obstruction of the vena cava , hepatic veins, or renal veins.) Drugs that paralyze the sphincter muscle of the iris - answer-Cycloplegics and mydriatics An endoscopic procedure to treat stress incontinence - answer-A Stamey procedure Typical lab value for Prothrombin time ( a test that evaluates how long it takes for blood to clot) - answer-12-14 seconds (ranges can vary from lab to lab) Typical lab value for Glucose - answer-65-110 mg/dL (ranges can vary from lab to lab) Typical lab value for Troponin ( proteins that can be used to identify possible injury to the heart muscle) - answer- 0.4 ng/mL Typical lab value for Triglycerides (lipid molecules found in the blood) - answer-50-250 mg/dL (ranges can vary from lab to lab) Which cranial nerve may be anastomosed to the facial nerve (if damaged) to restore mobility to the face ? - answer-The XI spinal accessory (aka accessory) Hirschsprungs disease may also be called ? - answer-congenital agangliosis (nerve cells in the baby's colon are not present and this impairs their ability to pass stool) Which ribs are not directly attached to the sternum ? - answer-Ribs 8-12 When should the use of a tourniquet be avoided? - answer-cases of compartment syndrome, McArdle's disease, Hypertension, and peripheral vascular disease. Attempt to list all the symptoms associated with a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. - answer-Pain in the abdomen or back, Fainting, clammy skin, dizziness , nausea, vomiting, tachycardia, and shock. Pancreatectomy in children is used to treat what disease processes ? - answer-Congenital hyperinsulinism , and pancreatitis. Using the rule of 9's, what is the surface area value of the anterior surfaces of both arms combined ? - answer-approximately 9% ant arm (4.5% each) A patient presents with burns on her groin, the anterior surface of her left arm and the anterior surface of her left leg, using the rule of 9's estimate the total burn surface area percentage. - answer-ant arm(4.5%) ant leg (9%) groin (1%) approximately 14.5% total. Arterial blood supply to the breast is supplied by branches of what arteries ? - answer-the Internal mammary, Axillary, and Lateral thoracic arteries. What does the Internal iliac artery supply ? - answer-The pelvis, and perineum Define chalasia - answer-a relaxation of a bodily opening , such as a sphincter What ligament attaches the cervix to the sacrum ? - answer-utero-sacral ligament Wertheim's procedure is also called what? - answer-a Radical Hysterectomy ( for cervical cancer) (involves the removal of the uterus, connective tissue, lymph nodes, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and superior aspect of the vagina) This suture material is contra-indicated in the placement of heart valves. - answer-PDS ( polyester p-dioxanone) This herbal supplement may cause adverse cardiac effects such as palpitations and hypertension. - answer-Ephedra List the appropriate triad of management for TURP syndrome (a complication characterised by symptoms changing from an asymptomatic hyponatremic state to convulsions, coma and death due to absorption of irrigation fluid during TURP) intraoperatively. - answer-Administer hypertonic saline, IV diuretics, and abort the procedure if necessary. Splenic injuries may accompany fractures of what structure(s)? - answer-On the left side, the 10th-12th ribs. What is the most commonly fractured tarsal bone ? - answer-the navicular bone (the bone directly distal to the talus) This branch of the V Trigeminal nerve must be preserved during a submandibular gland removal. - answer-the lingual nerve Typical cardiac output for and adult patient. - answer-4-8 L/minute Lavarternol (aka levophed, aka norepinephrine) is used to treat what physiological status ? - answer-hypotension What is a Lefort procedure ? - answer-Lefort procedures are done to cure a prolapse by stitching the anterior and posterior wall of the vagina together. (aka colpocleisis) Propylthiouracil and Methimazole are used to treat what physiological crisis ? - answer-These are generally used to treat hyperthyroidism, they can be used to treat patients experiencing a thyroid storm. During a laproscopic inguinal hernia repair, staples should not be placed below the lateral iliopubic tract in order to avoid injuring what structure(s)? - answer-the genitofemoral nerve and lateral femoral cutaneous nerve What does Hematocrit represent, and what are typical lab values for children, adult females and adult males ? - answer-Hematocrit represents the ratio of red blood cells in your blood expressed as a percentage, typical lab values for children (31-43%) adult females (37-46%) and adult males (40-52%) Typical lab values for an RBC or red blood cell count? Please give values for Males, Females, and Children/infants. - answer-Males (4.3-6.2) Females infants and children (3.8-5.5) What artery is contained within the cardinal ligament at the base of each broad ligament ? - answer-The Uterine Artery Anomalies of an Imperforate anus include ? - answer-Stenosis (narrowing) agenisis( not forming at all) and membrane atresia ( a lack of normal bodily opening) The two most common Intramedullary tumors of the spine are? - answer-Ependymomas followed by astrocytomas The Roman Numeral D represents ? - answer-500 (inDy 500) Meniere disease is an affliction of which cranial nerve ? - answer-The VIII vestibulocochlear The pronator Teres is an important landmark in what type of fracture ? - answer-Forearm fractures List the branches of the Superior Mesenteric artery - answer-the middle colic, the right colic and the ileocolic Two arteries that must be preserved during a pancreas retrieval - answer-the splenic artery and SMA A group of powerful antibiotics that can cause severe ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity - answer-Aminoglycocides Soft intraosseous material filling the cavities of cancellous bone ? - answer-Marrow Slight distension of the renal pelvis initiates what action ? - answer-a wave of perastaltic contractions Your patient has a white blood cell count (WBC) of 14,000, what does this lead you to suspect? - answer-the patient likely has an active infection A method to protect soft tissues from a CO2 laser - answer-covering the area with wet towels (water absorbs CO2 laserlight effectively) Patients at greatest risk for fluid volume deficit ? - answer-Trauma and burn victims By definition, carcinoma in situ is a malignant neoplasm that has not ? - answer-spread beyond the basement membrane These patients are at extreme risk for developing a latex allergy - answer-Children born with spinal bifida Studies show that the lowest infection rates were observed in cases where the patients hair at the surgical site was.... - answer-not removed (I double checked ) The surgeon may request a specimen be sent to the lab for a frozen section, what information does this provide to the surgical team ? - answer-A quick preliminary diagnosis The mucosa within the GI tract is composed of what tissue type? - answer-simple columnar epithelium Name the cartilage distal to the thyroid cartilage (adams apple) and proximal to the thyroid gland ? - answer-the cricoid cartilage The series of arcades that run along the mesenteric border throughout the length of the colon is called? - answer-The marginal artery of Drummond What is a chocolate cyst? - answer-A non-cancerous fluid filled cyst typically formed deep within the ovary, pigmented by the breakdown of old blood, this gives the cysts a tar like chocolatey coloration. What is the Cul-de-sac of Douglas? - answer-Also called the recto-uterine pouch, it is an extension of the peritoneal cavity between the rectum and the posterior wall of the Uterus. Splint often used for a metatarsal fracture ? - answer-a Posterior splint When closing a Kocher Incision (right subcostal) which layer must be approximated first? - answer-The surgeon must first approximate the falciform ligament, if it was divided. Drugs used to treat low blood pressure (hypotension) - answer-Vasopressors (The major vasopressors include phenylephrine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and vasopressin.) Calcium chloride is used primarily for what purpose ? - answer-to improve heart muscle contraction ( Calcium chloride injection is also used in cardiac resuscitation, arrhythmias, hypermagnesemia, calcium channel blocker overdose, and beta-blocker overdose.) Mostly fat filled compartment posterior to the knee joint - answer-The popliteal fossa What are the consequences for failing to evacuate smoke from the peritoneal cavity during a laparoscopy ? - answer-Pain and discomfort, ( in addition to limited visibility) The primary concern in cases where the patient has a ruptured spleen ? - answer-hypovolemic shock The blood test that measures the percentage of erythrocytes in whole blood - answer-Hematocrit Splenic rupture is usually the result of ... - answer-Trauma Please list the three types of dermatome - answer-Knife, Drum, and Electric(automatic) What is a Swan-Ganz catheter used for? - answer-Swan-Ganz catheters are soft flow directed catheters with a balloon at the tip for measuring pulmonary arterial pressure. Broviac , Hickman, Grosshong, Quinton, and Swan-Ganz are all examples of what? - answer-Indwelling Intravenous catheters. Most drains are typically held in place by ? - answer-Non-absorbent Mono-filament suture. Closed drains provide drainage by what mechanism ? - answer-negative pressure Open drains provide drainage by what mechanism? - answer-Gravity , or capillary action. Procedure that involves the removal of the entire breast, pectoralis major and minor, and axillary lymph nodes . - answer-Radical mastectomy During a Radical Mastectomy, what artery and vein must be preserved? - answer-the Axillary artery and vein When the patient has a breast lesion too small to palpate, but is detectable via mammogram, what procedure might be done to remove it ? - answer-a Wire/Needle localized breast biopsy. What two substances used in surgery can trigger Malignant Hyperthermia? - answer-Succinylcholine and Halothane During a Laproscopic cholecystectomy, why is the use of Nitrous oxide to be avoided ? - answer-it can result in bowel distension and affect the teams ability to visualize the site. Normal O2 saturation range ? - answer-95-100% Describe the Kidney position - answer-Similar to lateral decubitus , except that the patients abdomen is placed over a powered lift built into the bed, this lift provides enhanced access to the retroperitoneal space. Another name for a vesicourethral abdominal suspension ? - answer-A Marshall-Marchetti procedure Phagocytic cells of the liver - answer-Kupffer cells The liver is covered by a connective tissue layer named ? - answer-Glisson's capsule A hernia that contains two loops of bowel ? - answer-Maydl's hernia What is a Pelvic exenteration ? - answer-A procedure done to remove all of the organs in the pelvis that are cancerous. This procedure leaves the patient with a Colostomy and Urinary diversion. What is a candela laser used for ? - answer-Body contouring, hair removal, wrinkle reduction, benign vascular pigmented regions, acne, and cellulite reduction. What is the name for the Innermost layer of the Aorta ? - answer-Tunica Intima Describe a pantaloon hernia - answer-A case where both direct and indirect hernia's are present, that is hernias present both inside and outside of Hesselbach's triangle. What major artery supplies the descending colon ? - answer-the IMA or inferior mesenteric artery Describe the main bronchus of the right lung in relation to the left - answer-The right is shorter and wider than the left. Colon can be differentiated from small bowel by the presence of what structures? - answer-Colon has a white muscular longitudinal muscle band called the tenia coli, Colon has outpouchings called Haustra, and small pouches of peritoneum filled with fat called Epiploic appendages. Which ribs are considered floating ? - answer-The 11th and 12th ribs gallstones of this composition represent 75% of all gall stones in the united states. - answer-Cholesterol stones What is Kehr's sign, and what does it indicate? - answer-Referred left shoulder pain due to subdiaphragmatic irritation or splenic rupture (can also get referred pain on the right from ruptured liver) (remember "C3, 4, 5 keeps the diaphragm alive," and the dermatome correlating with C3-5 is at the shoulder) How many lobes total are contained in both lungs combined ? - answer-5 lobes, (3 on the right, 2 on the left) Which segments of colon are attached directly to the abdominal wall and are partially retroperitoneal ? - answer-the Ascending and Descending colon The left Coronary Artery gives bifurcates into what branches? - answer-The Left Circumflex artery and Left anterior descending Artery What is a typical range for BUN (blood urea nitrogen) and what does BUN help us to understand? - answer-5-20 mg/dL (some variation between labs is typical), BUN helps us to understand how well the patients kidneys are functioning. What incision allows the greatest exposure for the treatment of Frontal Sinus fractures? - answer-A Coronal incision. Avascular area of the mesentery that helps us locate the Middle Colic artery - answer-Space of Riolan Intercostal Nerves and Arteries are located where? - answer-They are typically located on the inferior surface of each rib ( this is important when placing a chest tube) Suture modality used to relieve tension on the suture line of a Hand sewn bowel anastomosis - answer-Lembert Stitches Condition characterized by a compression of the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis tendons near the radial stylus. - answer-Dequervain's tenosynovitis Veins that Drain the intracranial sinuses to veins that lie outside of the skull? - answer-Emissary Veins