BCIA Study Questions and Answers

BCIA Study Questions and Answers Hans Berger 1924 Detected first EEG signals from human scalp - berger wave (10hz alpha) which dominates when eyes closed. Also detected beta (1934) which results from alpha blocking when eyes are opened. Who published standards for 10/20 placement? Herbert J Jasper Joe Kamiya 1962 Marked the beginning of the story of EEG biofeedback. Psychologist at University of Chicago and experimented on students (alpha waves & anxiety) and showed that students could learn to consciously identify when they were producing alpha and have control over brainwaves. Hardt and Kimiya 1978 Found that increasing alpha lowers state and trait anxiety Thomas Budzynski 1970's developed the twilight learner (one of first neurotherapy systems) in collab with John Picchiottino. Thomas Budzynski was the first to use alpha training for systematic desensitization (treatment for phobias where patient is exposed to anxiety provoking stimuli and progressively taught relaxation techniques.) Used modest 60% increase in alpha. Collura developed sLORETA z-score training involving 19-channels and live LORETA imaging. The Othmers went on the develop training of the subdelta dc components of the brains electrical activity under the rubric of the infra-low training or ILF. Len Ochs led the development of the EEG driven photic stimulation with the Flexyx EDS system and developed a training model known as LENS (stimulated the brain using weak frequency signal to generate change) Barry Sterman 1968 conducted operant conditioning with cats. Discovered cats made certain brainwave in motor strip when alert & motionless (12-15hz SMR). Trianing this made them resistant to seizures when exposed to hydrazine (rocket fuel). He could also reverse the effects of training and increase seizures. Joel Lubar was experimenting with Stermans theories and used same technology with ___________ people. ADHD. It worked!Increased SMR while supressing theta. Frank Duffy developed in 1980s Investigates this new approach to EEG analysis (Brain Electrical Mapping System database (BEAM) Thatcher developed in 1989 Life Span Database - now Neuroguide. Did a lot of research with head trauma & gray & white matter. Elmer Green Background in biophysics and went to India and measures Yogi's at the Menninger clinic Eugene Peniston Impressed by Elmer, worked with alcoholics (they had deficits in alpha) who had accellerated recovery. Used Alpha-Theta protocol training them both up at O1. Then worked with PTSD patients and had similar results. What is Valdeen Brown's approach? Training both sides of the brain at the same time, over the motor strip. Developed Neuroptimal allowing individuals to do training with no clinician. Z score training doesn't allow for what? naturally occuring radical shifts in brain activity Nick Dogris developed what? Neurofield and originally began combining micro tesla coil treatments followed by NFB What is shaping? When a client is rewarded for closer and closer approximations of the target behavior. By initially keeping the threshold low, they are easily rewarded and then progressively raising the threshold and their ability to control brainwaves is strengthened. What is extinction? Over time, if the interaction with the stimulus object does not provide sufficient reward, extinction occurs. The individual disengages from the behavior. Extinction varies with the type of behavior learned (riding a bike) Suggested thresholds Reinforcement - 75%, Inhibition - 25% - this means that the client is successful 75% of the time when trying to increase/decrease amplitute. 80-90% reinforcement gave _______ results better Ratio Strain if you deviate from these settings. This means that the reinforcement is not worth the effort. The rate is too low to be rewarding. Has very little to do with conscious motivation in clients. Even the most motivated people won't perform as well. What are the 2 independent systems in the brain for recognizing fearful stimuli? Cortical vs. subcortical Subcortical systems aquires experience and memory of fearful stimuli that is independent of the cortical acquisition and driven by the amygdala. What did LeDeuz say about classical conditioning? he said classical conditioning of the amygdalic network is permanant. It is only through the development of new networks that old responses can be inhibited. Why do we respond quickly and automatically to danger, even before the cortex is done processing the sensory input? Not cortical/not rational. This is because the amygdala has more direct and robust connections to the hypothalamus and the motor system than to the cortex and tends to override cortical commands. When alpha training, we are usually ______ arousal levels. Reducing. Post Reward Synchronization - PRS Is a process that occurs in the posterior part of the brain during the reward phase of conditioning. This neuronal activity is the actual intrinsic reward pattern regardless of the stimulus event and is marked by a moment of alpha synchronization. 3 sec latency period for reward frequency. The thalamus is considered the what? The perceptual gateway to the brain. By alternating oscillation activity of neurons in the thalamus through operant conditioning, we are rewarding functional behavior at a fundamental level. The Cerebrum Beta is formed. Higher level information processing. The cerebral cortex is the gray matter covering the outermost layer of the brain like the bark of a tree. Beneath it is white matter, which has the wiring between areas of the cortex. What is between the two hemispheres? corpus collosum How many layers of cells does the cortex have? 6 layers that all perform different functions. What is the strip called that divides the cortex front to back? cingulate gyrus The frontal lobes were evolved out of the ________ whereas the posterior lobes explanded out of the _______ motor cortex, sensory cortex Parietal lobes association cortex. Synthesizes related information I.e. connecting the dots, to be sent to the frontal cortex for evaluation as well as regulating the release function for the attentional system. Also associated with body awareness and boundaries. Prefrontal cortex executive functioning related to emotional regulation and decision making. Temporal lobes memory and hearing The limbic system Produces theta. Processes emotional information and memory. Makes theta from primarily the hippocampus. Explicit memory From the hippocampus - information you consciously work to remember. Implicit memory From the amygdala - information you remember unconsciously Kirk and Mackay indentifies at least 2 primary pathways for theta 1st is lower frequency and related to emotional processing. This is more in the temporal lobe. 2nd is higher frequency and is related to memory processing. This appears along the frontal midline. The Striatum or Basal Ganglia Controls motor movement and interfaces heavily with the cerebellum for motor action, (playing piano). Also controls rate of thinking. Comprised of the putamen and caudate. The caudate nucleus Implicated in disorders such as OCD, which involves impulsive thought processess and excessive worry. The striatum Major interface region between the frontal lobes and limbic system structures via the thalamus and is an important regulatory region. Sterman argues this is the key region that responds to SMR training Brain Stem Creates Delta waves. Brain stem emanates out of limbic system from the thalamus and into the spinal cord. Regulates basic life functions (heartbeat, breathing, states of arousal, sleep) Cerebellum Attached to the back and maintains subroutines of the finer aspects of movement (dancing, writing, etc.) Reticular activation system also located here and has a great deal to do with modulating levels of arousal. The thalamus Creates alpha. Heart of the brain, great relay station and key player in resource allocation with respect to information processing. Sensory info comes into body through thalamus, which is divided into regions corresponding to different areas of the brain. How does the thalamus engage and disengage different areas of the cortex? through a resonance process involving the use of alpha as a form of braking. The thalamus employs one frequency. What is that? SMR, in a gating system to control information flowing to and from a section of the cortex that controls primary motor functions. We train individuals with ADHD to increase this frequency in order to close that gating system and reduce motor activity. The somatosensory cortex (SMR) The location of 2 strips of tissue dedicated to sensory information and to motor functions. Runs from ear to ear and areas of each strip are specifically dedicated to areas around body from which info originates and flows back. Information flowing to and from this area can be controlled through a gating system in the thalamus, which opens and closes when SMR is generated by local thalamic cells. Brodmanns map topographical map of the brain and types of cells that cluster together based on anatomy and function. Two divisions of brain cells Neuron & glial cells Neurons provide electro-chemical activity - what we are interested in because they provide the 30watts of power (EEG) Glial cells provide maintenance and support for the neurons. Dendrites Protrusions from the soma that collect electrical signals from several other cell axons. Soma Simple battery that stores electrical energy. Maintains an electrical change differential between the inside and outside of its cell wall. Axon Connects to other neurons through axon Synapse Is between the end of each axon and the dendrite of another cell through gap. Refractory period A resting period during which time the neuron recovers and rebuild its charge. When a neuron is encourage to fire, it ________ depolarizes When a neuron is discouraged to fire, it ________ hyperpolarizes Terminal button At the end of each axon which generates chemicals known as neurotransmitters. The neurotransmitters migrate in sacks knows as vesicles to the end of the button when the charge arrives. The released neurotransmitter flows accross the synaptic gap and settles in receptor sites on receiving dendrite. Receptor sites may ____________ over time in response to the average volume of neurotransmitter activity increase or decrease If too much activity occures over time, the recetors will __________ their population to adjust for the heavy traffic. reduce The synapse has a positive and negative charge developing from pre & post synaptic activity such that a positive post-synaptic conductance will generate a _______________________ negative charge in the soma. The present standard model proposes that these currents summate into a layer of dipoles generating voltage changes recorded on the scalp. Nunez & Srinivasan proposes that it requires approx. ____________ neurons working in synchrony to produce voltage recorded from scalp. 60,000,000 These dipole layers are estimated to be ___sq sentimeters in area 6 ______% of measures EEG at electrode is local ______% is from volume conduction 60% 40% Which is why it's hard to measure underlying structural activity with precision Neuromodulators We have found that pharmacologically manipulating basic neurotransmitters can alter and help regulate basic overall dysfunctions in brain systems. We have assumed, consequently, that they are the basic chemical modulators of brain function and we call them neuromodulators. They are the basic chemical modulators of the brain function. Divided into slow & fast acting neurotransmitters. The primary neuromodulators are usually the main focus of drug interventions. In particular, dopamine, serotonin, and GABA are frequent target systems The _______________ network largely drives the entire system once the person is awake and alert. Other than that, it appears to be maintained in systematic allostatic cycles by ____________ networks. Attentional Brainstem Cell columns The cortex is comprised of cell groups referred to as cell columns or macrocolumns that are several millimeters in diameter. Cell columns run _________ vertically through the 6 layers of the cortex. What causes the EEG to become recorded? It is these columns in the process of firing together that cause the wave fronts to become recorded as EEG. Pyramidal cells _________ all other cell types in the cortex outnumber Apical dendrites extend _________ through the layers and basal dendrites extend _________ vertically. horizontally. Where does the axon of the pyramidal cell extend? it extends downward out of the gray matter and becomes part of the white matter, so that the input to these cells comes from the upper layers. Their output entends downward through their axons. The larger cells exist in the lower layers and occupy layers 2,3,5 & 6 Stellate cells help communication between pyramidal cells within the cortex and are called interneurons. Input to the cortex come from the ________ and from other areas of the cortex (association fibers) and enter in layer __. thalamus, 6. Thalamic input fibers generally end in layers __ & __ 3 & 4. This location apparently makes them the main input layers. Outputs from cells in layer 6 generally go to the _____ while those in layer 5 go to _____________ thalamus, subcortical nuclei. Outputs generally go to 3 areas... cortex, thalamus, and subcortex Fiber systems The wiring of the cortex comprised of axons (white matter) running in bundles along specific pathways. These bundles of fibers are functionally connected for intermodal and cross modal operations, which is what generates coordinated behavior and perception. There are 2 basic association subcortical fiber systems that are involved with intracortex communication (cortex to cortex) exchange. 1. Short association fibers that connect adjacent areas of gyri of the brain. Resonates in the high beta range. 2. Long association fibers that connect more distant regions. Resonates in the low beta, high alpha range.