Do you want to study Psychology at the University of Groningen and are taking the selection test on March 8? This summary will fully prepare you for the selection test! It contains the most important information, including examples, images, and formulas from Chapter 2 (Methodology), Chapter 4 (Cons...
uses research to describe what a phenomenon is, predict when and where it will
occur and explain the mechanisms behind why it occurs.
research= a scientific process that involves the careful collection, analysis and
interpretation of data
data = measurements gathered during the research process
scientific method= a systematic and dynamic procedure of observing and measuring
phenomena, used to achieve the goals of description, prediction, control &
explanation. It involves an interaction among research, theories and hypotheses.
theory= a model of interconnected ideas or concepts that explains what is observed
and makes predictions about future events. They are based on empirical evidence.
↪ good theory should be falsifiable
hypothesis= a specific, testable prediction, narrower
than the theory is based on.
Occan’s razor / law of parsimony= when 2 competing
theories exist to explain the same phenomenon, the
simpler is generally preferred.
Q/ Which scientific goal is fulfilled by a project seeking to
understand the causes of teen vaping
A/ Explanation
,qualify→ describe
quantify→ measure
variable= something in the world that can vary and that a researcher can manipulate
(change), measure (evaluate), or both.
operational definition= a definition that qualifies and quantifies a variable so the
variable can be understood objectively
peer review= a process by which other scientists with similar expertise evaluate and
critique research reports
scientific poster= presents info about the hypotheses, methods, results &
conclusions of a research study.
replication= repeating of a research study to confirm or contradict the results.
false positive= a result that occurs when there is no real effect but a study produces
a statistically significant result by chance.
questionable research practices= practices that unintentionally make the research
less replicable
↪ effects of questionable research practices;
- small samples ( a larger sample is required to achieve an accurate estimation
of the population effects)
- HARKing= hypothesizing after the results are known instead of generating a
theory before running the study and analyzing the results.
- p-hacking= testing the same hypothesis using statistical tests in different
variations until one produces a statistically significant result
- underreporting null effects ( a null effect= finding no difference between
conditions or no relationship between variables)
to protect against questionable research practices:
- preregistration= documenting a study’s hypotheses, methods and analysis
plan ahead of time and publishing it on a time-stamped website
- meta-analysis= a study of studies that combines the findings of multiple
studies to arrive at a conclusion
Q/ how does pre registration prevent HARKing?
A/ It forces researchers to publicly document their hypothesis before conducting a
study.
fake news= stories without supporting evidence that are made up for personal
reasons, advertising or political purposes
, well-supported evidence in science→ research reports based on empirical data that
are published in peer-reviewed journals or preprint servers.
Types of studies used in psychological research:
1. descriptive research= research methods that involve observing behavior to
describe that behavior objectively and systematically
- case study= a descriptive research method that involves the intensive
examination of an atypical person or organization
- observational studies→ participant observation & naturalistic
observation
↪ participant observation= the researcher is involved in the situation,
naturalistic observation= researcher is a passive observer, separated from the
situation and making no attempt to change or alter ongoing behavior.
- self-report methods= methods of data collection in which people are
asked to provide information about themselves, such as in surveys or
questionnaires
2. Correlation studies= a research method that describes and predicts how
variables are naturally related in the real world, without any attempt by the
researcher to alter them or assign causation
between them.
- scatterplot= a graphical depiction of the
relationship between 2 variables
- correlation coefficient= a descriptive
statistic that indicates the strength and
direction of the relationship between 2
variables
↪ directionality problems= a problem encountered in correlation studies. The
researcher finds a relationship between 2 variables, but they cannot determine which
variable may have caused changes in the other variable (does A lead to B orr does B
lead to A)
↪ third variable problem= a problem that occurs when the researcher cannot
directly manipulate variables, as a result the researcher cannot be confident that
another unmeasured variable is not the actual cause of differences in the variables
of interest.
3. experimental research → the researcher has maximal control over the
situation
- experiment= a research method that test causal hypotheses by
manipulating and measuring variables
- independent variable= the variable that is manipulated in a research
study
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