MEDICINE 111 (PHYSIOLOGY)

Pain Pain • Many ailments of the body cause pain. • The ability to diagnose different diseases depends to a great extent on a clinician’s knowledge of the different qualities of pain. • It occurs whenever tissues are being damaged and causes the individual to react to remove the pain stimulus. • Even simple activities as sitting for a long time on the ischium can cause tissue destruction because of lack of blood flow to the skin where it is compressed by the weight...

HUMORAL DEFENCES THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM ANTIBODIES • Humoral immunity refers to the non cellular aspects of the immune system i.e. antibodies synthesis and the accessory processes that accompany it, including: • Th2 activation and cytokine production, • Germinal centre formation and isotype switching, • Affinity maturation and • Memory cell generation. • It also refers to the effector functions of antibody, which include: • Pathogen and toxin neutralization, • Classica...

Growth Hormone • Growth hormone is also known as somatotropin. • It is a peptide hormone that stimulates growth, cell production and cell regeneration. • It is secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland September 20, 2022 Growth hormone 3 Structure • Human growth hormone – Has 191 AA residues – MW 22000 (22K hGH) • GH is bound to a protein in plasma – ½ Of GH activity is bound which form • Reservoir of hormone to • Compensate for wide fluctuati...

Embryology of respiratory system and thoracic diaphragm Sequence of development Site – Ventral wall of Foregut Embryonic - Week 4 Pseudoglandular - week 5 - 17 iii. Canalicular – Week 18 - 24 iv. Terminal saccular - Week 24 - birth v. Alveolar – birth – 8 years Timing – 4th week Laryngotracheal diverticulum – ventral wall of foregut Tracheoesophageal folds develop on either side Tracheoesophageal septum that separates it from foregut Epithelium and glands of tra...

AUTOIMMUNITY & HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS AUTOIMMUNITY • This occurs when the immune system attacks self-molecules as a result of a breakdown of immunologic tolerance to autoreactive immune cells. • Many autoimmune disorders have been strongly associated with genetic, infectious, and/or environmental predisposing factors. • Comprising multiple disorders and symptoms ranging from organ-specific to systemic, autoimmune diseases include; • Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, ...

1. The nurse identifies the concept of enduring ideas about what a person considers desirable or has worth in life is known by which term? a. Values b. First-order belief c. Higher-order belief d. Stereotype ANS: A Values are enduring ideas about what a person considers is the good, the best, and the “right” thing to do and their opposites—the bad, worst, and wrong things to do—and about what is desirable or has worth in life. First-order beliefs serve as the foundation or the basi...