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PCOL 838 DISORDERS OF THE EXOCRINE PANCREAS
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What histologic features are associated with pancreatic secretion of digestive enzymes into the GI tract? - Answer-**Acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes** 
 
Ductal cells secrete pancreatic juice containing NaHCO3 
 
What are the neural and hormonal controls over exocrine pancreatic function? - Answer-Hormonal regulation 
• Presence of acid in duodenum causes release of Secretin. 
• Secretin causes release ofBicarbonate from ductal cells. 
• Presence of Fats in duodenum causes release o...
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PCOL 838 EXAM 1
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What are the purines and pyrimidines? - Answer-purines: adenine, guanine 
pyrimidines: cytosine, uracil, thymine 
 
What are some examples of the cause of mutations in DNA? - Answer-cellular metabolism, UV light exposure, ionizing radiation, chemical exposure, replication errors 
 
What happens when the DNA is damaged/a mutation occurs? - Answer-cell cycle checkpoint activation, transcriptional program activation, DNA repair, apoptosis 
 
What is the definition of a gene? - Answer-A segment of D...
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PCOL 838 Exam 2
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What composes blood? 
red cells, white cells, platelets, plasma 
What is the ratio of red blood cells to white blood cells in the bloodstream? 
white blood cells (leukocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils) are generally present at about 1/700th the number of erythrocytes 
What are the different formed elements of blood, and how can they and their subtypes be distinguished? 
-red blood cells (erythrocytes): carry oxygen to cell via hemoglobin 
-white blood cells ...
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PCOL 838 FINAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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what are the four major iselet cell types and their functions? - Answer-- beta cells = secrete insulin (60%) 
 
- alpha cells = secrete glucagon (30%) 
 
- delta cells = secrete somatostatin (10%) 
 
- pancreatic polypeptide secreting cell (1%) 
 
what is the effect of alpha cells (glucagon) on other islet cells? - Answer-it stimulates beta cells (insulin) and delta cells (somatostatin) 
 
what is the effect of delta cells (somatostatin) on other islet cells? - Answer-it inhibits beta cells (ins...
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PCOL 838 Final Exam
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acrocentric 
Refers to the terminal location of the centromere on chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21 and 22 
allelic heterogeneity 
the situation in which multiple alleles at a singe locus can produce one or more disease phenotypes 
amorphic 
Refers to mutations that cause a complete loss of function for the respective gene, and therefore yield the same phenotype as a complete gene deletion 
Aneuploidy 
denotes any unbalanced chromosome complement 
antimorphic 
Refers to mutations that when present in h...
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PCOL 838 FINAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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Where are the adrenal glands located? (10/18) 
Adrenal glands are located at superior pole of each kidney 
 
What does the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla secrete? (10/18) 
The adrenal cortex secretes DHEA, mineralocorticoids (e.g., aldosteron) and glucocorticoids (eg, cortisol). 
 
The adrenal medulla secretes catecholamines (eg, epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine). 
What are 5 of the major disorders of the adrenal cortex? (10/18) 
1. Hypercortisolism (Cushing syndrome) 
2. Adrenal i...
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PCOL 838 Exam 1 with 100% correct answers
- Exam (elaborations) • 13 pages • 2024
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PCOL 838 Exam 1 with 100% correct answers
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PCOL 838 EXAM 1 with 100% correct answers
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PCOL 838 EXAM 1 with 100% correct answers
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PCOL 838 FINAL with 100% correct answers
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PCOL 838 FINAL with 100% correct answers
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PCOL 838 Disorders of the Exocrine Pancreas.
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PCOL 838 Disorders of the Exocrine Pancreas.
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