ISTQB Foundation Level Exam Latest 2023 100% Pass

ISTQB Foundation Level Exam Latest 2023 100% Pass Defects Cluster Principle A large number of defects often occur in a few modules of a system Non-functional Testing Checks the software characteristics of the system, including performance, reliability, efficiency, usability, maintainability, and portability Functional Testing Checks the user & business requirements - what the system does Error or Mistake A human action that produces an incorrect result Defect, Fault, or Bug A flaw that may cause a feature, component, or system to not perform its required function or to perform it incorrectly Failure The deviation of a feature, component, or system from it's expected result Sequential Development Lifecycle Waterfall, V-Model (Everything proceeds in phases) Incremental Development Lifecycle Rapid Application Development, Rational Unified Process, Spiral Iterative-Incremental Development Lifecycle Agile, Scrum, SDDM, prototyping, Extreme Programming The V Model DEV TEST Requirements Acceptance Analysis System Detailed Design Integration Program Specification Component (Unit) Coding Verification Requirements have been fulfilled Checks against previous development activity that was completed Validation Requirements for a specific intended use or application have been fulfilled. Testing & QA practices to evaluate whether a product or system accomplishes its stated purpose Component (Unit) Testing Testing the smallest software item that can be executed in isolation. These items are called components, units, modules, or classes. Statement and branch testing often used. Integration Testing Testing the interfaces and interactions among components, sub-systems, and systems to expose defects System Testing Testing an integrated system to demonstrate whether or not it meets its requirements specifications and any undocumented requirements Acceptance Testing Testing to confirm that the system meets user expectations, conforms to requirements specifications, and performs the required business processes to determine whether or not to accept the system for deployment Top-down Integration Testing The component at the top of the hierarchy is tested, with stubs for lower level components Bottom-up Integration Testing The components at the bottom of the hierarchy are tested first, with stubs for higher level components Big-Bang Integration Testing All components are first developed (in isolation) and then all components are tested together. Structural Testing Checks the architecture and design of the system Change-Related Testing Testing triggered after changes are made to an existing system or after some external event. - Software releases - Emergency corrections - Migrations to new environments - Upgrades to operating systema - System being retired & converted - New laws, regulations, etc. Re-testing Executing previously failed test cases to verify that the defects have been corrected Regression Testing Performing tests after a change on a previously tested system to confirm that new defects have not been introduced or uncovered in unchanged areas of the software Test Design Process 1. Test objectives 2. Test items 3. Test conditions & test cases 4. Test procedure specifications Test Condition Something about the system you can verify by testing (EX: Verify that the month is between 1 and 12) Specification Based Testing Black box testing Primary focus is on the behavior of the system or application. Testers use how the system should work as a guide for testing Structure Based Testing White box testing Primary focus is physical structure and architecture of the system Experience Based Testing Tests are performed based on the knowledge and experience of the tester Test Coverage The percentage of what you have tested, divided by the total of what you have to testq Dynamic Testing Testing by running software (regular testing) Static Testing Testing without running software. Code review process. Not able to find failures caused by design errors Tool Selection Process 1. Assess Needs 2. Evaluate Options 3. Perform POC 4. Evaluate the provider 5. Identify training requirements Defect Density The number of defects identifies in a component or system, divided by the size of the component or system Test Comparator Determines and reports the differences between files and databses in test results 100% Path Coverage does not... Guarantee sufficient testing of a component Test Basis All documents and sources from which the requirements of a system can be inferred Keyword Driven Testing Tests are represented in a table or spreadsheet describing actions When something unexpected occurs during a test, but it isn't clear whether or not it is a defect, it should be Formally logged for further investigation Use Cases Scenarios that describe the use of a system by an actor to accomplish a specific goal Debugging Finding and removing the cause of failures in the code What difficulties may happen with using structure-based testing to develop test cases? 1. The program's control logic may be flawed 2. The tester may not know the programming language being used 3. The source code may not be available to the tester Static Analysis Can often find process improvement opportunities Test Incident Report Does not mention the person who caused the incident An intrusive test tool Can adversely affect the parameters it is measuring LCSAJ Linear Code SEquence and Jump (White Box technique) Branch Coverage A testing method that aims to ensure that each of the possible branch from each decision point is executed at least once Statement Coverage White box testing technique that involves the execution of all the statements at least once in the source code Configuration Management Detailed recording and updating of information that describes an enterprise's hardware and software NOTE: Auditing conformance to ISO9001 is not part of configuration management Incident Report Identifier Summary - Inputs - Expected/Actual - Anomalies - Date/Time - Procedure Step - Repro Rate - Testers - Observers Impact - Severity - Priority Test Plan Report Identifier Summary - Test Items - Environment - References Variances - From Test plans or specs - Reason for deviation - Support materials & docs Comprehensive Assessment - Evaluation of Test Coverage - Identification of uncovered attributes Summary of Results - Total Incidents - Defect Patterns - Open or Unresolved Incidents Evaluation - Limitations - Failure Likelihood Summary of Activities: - Staff time - Elapsed vs staff time - Costs - Variances Approvals BS7925-1 The standard that gives definitions of testing terms Error Guessing A testing technique that makes use of a tester's skill, intuition and experience in testing similar applications to identify defects that may not be easy to capture by the more formal techniques. It is usually done after more formal techniques are completed. Test Execution Tool A tool that can run tests. Most tools of this type get started by capturing or recording manual tests; hence they are also known as 'capture/playback' tools, 'capture/replay' tools or 'record/playback' tools Code Coverage Used as a measure of test effectiveness Quality Characteristics Listed in ISO 9126 Functionality Usability Maintainability Capture/Playback Tool used for automation of regression tests Equivalence Partitioning A software testing technique that divides the input data of a software unit into partitions of equivalent data from which test cases can be derived Appropriate for all levels of testing Driver To test a function, programmer writes this to call a function and pass it test data Why are tests prioritized? So you do the best testing in the time available Inspections find... 1. Variables not defined in the code 2. Spelling & grammar faults in docs 3. Requirements that were omitted Test Specification Test cases are designed during this process Cyclomatic Complexity Metric used to indicate complexity of the program. Measure of the number of linearly independent paths through source code. Fault Masking Error condition hiding another error condition CAST Tool Computer Aided Software Testing tool Test Procedure Specification Instructions for the steps to be taken for a test including set-up, logging, environment, & measurement State Transition Testing All states have been reached Every transition has been exercised Specific sequences of transitions have been exercised. Decision Coverage vs Statement Coverage 100% decision coverage always means 100% statement coverage