ACSM STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2023

ACSM STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2023 BIOMECHANICS principles of physics related to energy and force as they apply to the human body PROXIMAL CLOSER TO THE TRUNK DISTAL further from the trunk SUPERIOR (CRANIAL) above, toward the head INFERIOR (CAUDAL) lower than, toward the feet ANTERIOR (VENTRAL) toward the front POSTERIOR (DORSAL) toward the back MEDIAL closer to the midline LATERAL further from the midline THREE CARDINAL BODY PLANES sagittal plane, frontal plane, transverse plane SAGITTAL PLANE makes a division into right and left portions FRONTAL PLANE makes a division into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions TRANSVERSE PLANE makes a division into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) portions ROTATION movement around a longitudinal axis, either toward or away from the midline CIRCUMDUCTION a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction EVERSION turning the sole of the foot away from the midline INVERSION turning the sole of the foot toward the midline Bones of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum... AXIAL SKELETON VERTEBRAL COLUMN (SPINE) serves as the main axial support for the body 4 Major curvatures of the adult vertebral column cervical curve, thoracic curve, lumbar curve, sacral curve KYPHOSIS "primary curves" curves of the thoracic and sacral regions LORDOSIS "secondary curves" curves of the cervical and lumbar region Commonly found abnormal curves in the sagittal plane hyperkyphosis and hyperlordosis HYPERKYPHOSIS exaggerated posterior thoracic curvature HYPERLORDOSIS exaggerated anterior lumbar curvature Commonly found abnormal curve in the frontal plane scoliosis STERNUM midline of the chest What are the 3 parts of the sternum? manubrium, body, xiphoid process RF for family history myocardial infarction, coronary revascularization or sudden death to a 1st degree family member when 55 male, 65 female RF for cigarette smoking within 6 months Risk factor for Dyslipidemia LDL Lgreater than 130 mg/dL RF Dyslipidemia Total Cholesterol greater than 200 mg/dL RF Dyslipidemia low HDL less than 40 mg/dL RF Sedentary minutes of activity, days of week, past # of months less than 30 min/day, 3 days/week, for at least 3 months RF Prediabetes fasting blood glucose greater than or equal to 100 mg/dL up to 126 greater than or equal to 126 mg/dL Fasting Blood Glucose for Diabetes diagnosis RF for Obesity body mass of greater then or equal to 30kg/m2; waist girthgreater than 102 cm for men and 88 cm for women RF Age men, women 45 men, 55 women Negative Risk Factor HDL greater than 60 mg/dL RF for hypertensive systolic greater than or equal to 140; diastolic greater then or equal to 90; confirmed by 2 separate occasions or on hypertension meds obesity excessivly high amounts of body fat or adipose tissue in relation to lean body mass overweight increased body weight, in relation to height when compared to some standard of acceptable or desirable weight percent fat the total amount of weight that is measured as fat tissue body mass index BMI the height to weight ratio can be misleading because it does not consider body type lean body mass not fat tissue: muscle, bone, skin etc anorexia nervosa the disorder of self-induced starvation bulimia nervosa the psychologically addictive cycle of binging/purging USRDA food pyramid 1. fat, oils & sweets: use sparingly 2. milk, yogurt &cheese 2-3 servings; 3. meat, poultry, fish, dry beans, nuts, eggs: 2-3 servings; 4. fruits: 3-5 serv; 5. veggies: 3-5 serv. 6. bread, cereal, rice, & pasta: 6-11 serv female athlete triad amenorrhea, osteoporosis, and eating disorders; when left untreated they damage the musculoskeletal and reproductive systems # of kilocalories in one gram Carbo= 4; fats=9; protein=4; alcohol=7 guidelines for losing weight 500-1000 cal daily to lose 1-2 lbs. per wk; same to increase kilocalaries equivalent to losing 1 lb of fat 3500cal waist-hip ratio Hips/Waist (ex. 45" waist and 36" hips... 36/45=.8) ratios above .86 for women and .95 for men indicate abdominal adiposity Heart Rate (HR) total # of times the heart contracts in one minute, increases with work-rate during exercise Stroke Volume amount of blood pumped from the left ventricle in one beat Cardiac Output the amount of blood pumped from the heart in one minute Blood Pressure arterial pressure providing force for blood flow (systolic and diastolic pressure) Arteriovenous Oxygen Difference difference between oxygen content of arterial and venous blood Blood Flow distribution of the cardiac output Maximum Oxygen Consumption highest rate and amount of oxygen achieved at maximal physical exertion Types of muscle tissue cardiac, smooth, and skeletal Cardiac muscle cardiac muscle tissue is involuntary, it is the tissue of the heart smooth muscle involuntary muscle tissue that lines the arterial walls and organs of the body skeletal muscle voluntary and made up of striated fibers Kinesiology the study of human movement Bones mineral reservior, internal skeleton (levers) joints where two bones meet (fulcrum and axis) muscle tissue elastic tissue with contractile properties (pulley) tendons connective tissue that connects muscles to bone ligaments connective tissue that connects bone to bone cartilage white fibrous tissue that cushions surfaces and prevents friction (cushions bones) anterior/posterior front/ back inferior/superior below/ above medial/lateral closer to midline/further from midline proximal/distal closer to trunk/further from trunk abduction/adduction movement away/into from midline horizontal abduction the row horizontal adduction chest press supination/ pronation rotational movement, results in the palm facing upward/downward flexion decrease joint angle (elbow curl) extension increase in joint angle