ULTIMATE AP Biology Exam Review Questions and Answers Graded A+

ULTIMATE AP Biology Exam Review Questions and Answers Graded A+ Define the following: isotope, valence shell, covalent bond, ionic bond Isotope- one of several atomic forms of an element, each with the same # of protons, but different number of neutrons Valence shell- the outermost energy shell of an atom, containing valence electrons involved in chemical reactions Covalent bond- bond where the electrons are shared Ionic bonds- a chemical bond resulting from the attractions between oppositely charged ions Hydrogen bonds result in.... pH is... Hydrogen bonds result in a weak, polar, and covalent bond between a H+ and a negative ion. pH is the measure of hydrogen ion concentration How many covalent bonds can carbon form? 4 bonds Hydrogen bonds form between... a H+ and a negative ion pH is a measure of.... What is a buffer? pH is a measure of ion concentration A buffer minimizes the changes in a solution when acids and bases are added What are the differences between catabolic and anabolic reactions? Catabolic reactions break down complex molecules and anabolic reactions build them up. What is an isomer? Define structural, geometric, and stereoisomers? An isomer is when different compounds the same molecular formula but different structure. A structural isomer is an isomer that has different covalent arrangements of their atoms; geometric isomers have the same covalent bonds but differ in spacial arrangment; enatimors mirror images of each other Name the following functional groups: -OH -C=O -COOH -NH2 -SH -OPO3 Hydroxyl; carbonyl; carboxyl; amino; sulfhydryl; phosphate