NUR 268 Exam 1 Latest Update Graded A+

NUR 268 Exam 1 Latest Update Graded A+ What is pharmacology? The study of drugs and their interactions with living systems. What does pharmacology encompass? It includes the history, sources, and uses of drugs, as well as the knowledge of their effects. What is clinical pharmacology? The study of drugs in humans. Define cellular atrophy. A decrease in cellular size and functional components. What is cellular hypertrophy? An increase in cellular size and function. Explain cellular hyperplasia. An increase in the number of cells. What is cellular dysplasia? The loss of uniformity in individual cells and their architectural orientation. Define cellular metaplasia. The replacement of one normal cell type with another normal cell type, which is reversible. What is hypoxic injury? Damage caused by inadequate oxygen supply to a cell or tissue due to decreased oxygen in the air, reduced hemoglobin, or diseases affecting the respiratory or cardiovascular systems. What initiates chemical injury to cells? A biochemical reaction between a toxic substance and the cell's plasma membrane, leading to increased cell membrane permeability. What is ROS cell injury? Oxidative stress caused by free radicals and reactive oxygen species like hydroxyl radicals, superoxide, and hydrogen peroxide. What is apoptosis? The process of programmed cell death. Define necrosis. The sum of cellular changes after local cell death and the process of self- digestion (autodigestion or autolysis). What is coagulative necrosis? Necrosis due to interrupted blood supply to organs (except the brain), typically affecting kidneys, heart, and adrenal glands, resulting in a yellow area of infarct. Describe liquefactive necrosis. Necrotic cells are dissolved by lytic enzymes, leading to softened areas of infarction, typically in the brain. What is caseous necrosis? Necrotic cells disintegrate but remain undigested for a long time, causing a yellow-white, cheesy debris, often seen in pulmonary TB caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis. Explain fat necrosis. Lipases break down intracellular triglycerides into free fatty acids, which combine with electrolytes to form soaps, making the tissue appear opaque and chalky white, commonly in breasts, pancreas, and abdominal structures. What is gangrenous necrosis? A form of coagulative necrosis complicated by bacterial invasion, commonly occurring in the lower legs due to arteriosclerosis or in the GI tract. Define pharmacokinetics. The study of drug movement throughout the body. List the phases of pharmacokinetics. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. What is pharmacodynamics? The study of what drugs do to the body and how they do it, or how a medicine changes the body. Median Effective Dose (ED50) Dose required to produce a specific therapeutic response in 50% of a group of patients. dose-response relationship As the dosage increases, the response becomes progressively larger. Tailor treatment by increased/decreased dosage until desired intensity of response achieved. Phase 1: flat portion of the curve, few target cells have been affected, small doses will not produce a Rx effect Phase 2: straight line portion of the curve, linear relationship, if the dose is doubled, twice as much response is obtained, most desirable range of doses. Phase 3: plateau is reached, increasing the dose will not increase the intensity of the response. Clinical implications of inter-patient variability -The initial dose of a drug is necessarily an approximation. -Subsequent doses must be "fine tuned" based on patient's response. -ED50 in a patient may need to be increased or decreased after evaluating the patient response. Why in phase 3 the increase in dose size will not elicit any change in the intensity of the drug response? Plateau is reached Therapeutic Index (TI) TI = LD50/ED50 is the ratio of