Chem 102 General Chemistry Exam Bundle Graded A+

spontaneous - ANSWER-a process that proceeds without continuous outside intervention nonspontaneous - ANSWER-a process that cannot occur on its own a process that requires continuous outside intervention to proceed If a process is spontaneous in one direction: - ANSWER-it must be nonspontan...

Chemistry - study of composition, structure, properties and reactions of matter chemical - substance that always has the same composition and properties wherever its found 1 lb = ___ grams - 454 grams 1 kg = ___ lbs - 2.201 lbs 1 oz = ___ grams - 28.3 grams 1 meter = ___ inches - 39.4...

Lab Equipment: Given a selection of pictures, identify the name of different lab equipment used during the semester. - ANSWER-review in lab manual Bunsen burner - ANSWER-gas regulator sleeve (holes), gas regulator knob (bottom) Safety: know the hazards associated with different classes o...

Acidifying a solution containing a carbonate ion produces: - ANSWER-Carbon Dioxide gas Which anion precipitates in the presence of Ag+? - ANSWER-S2- What is the color of AgCl? - ANSWER-White If no precipitate forms with the addition of CA(NO3)2 solution, it means that neither CO3 or PO4 ion...

pH of strong acid - ANSWER-1, 2, or 3 pH of weak acid - ANSWER-4,5,6 What will always be higher than 7 on the pH scale - ANSWER-A weak acid and strong base Strong acids has... - ANSWER-weak conjugate base Weak Acid has... - ANSWER-strong conjugate base What is pKa - ANSWER-Halfway to ...

Which of the five factors does not affect the rate of homogeneous reactions? - ANSWER-The size of the reactants Which unit is appropriate for describing reaction rates? - ANSWER-mol L⁻¹ min⁻¹ A negative sign is included in the expression for the rate of disappearance of a reactant becaus...

half life equation (first order) - ANSWER-t(1/2) = ln(2)/k half life equation (second order) - ANSWER-t(1/2) = 1/k[A]o parts per million - ANSWER-ppm * mass H20 / 10^6 Henry's Law - ANSWER-C = kP what does lechatelier's principle state about volume? - ANSWER-equilibrium favors the side...

Analytical Balance - ANSWER-Used for accurate, quantitative measurements of mass Graduated Cylinders - ANSWER-Measure and dispense known volumes of liquids Volumetric Flask - ANSWER-Designed to contain a specific volume of liquid. Also used to make solutions with accurate concentrations Bur...

Nuclear chemistry - ANSWER-What is the study of nuclear reactions, with an emphasis on their uses in chemistry and their effects on biological systems? Positron emission tomography - ANSWER-What is a medical diagnostic tool that relies on decay of radioactive element injected into the body? Ra...

Calcium reacts with water according to the chemical equation below: Ca + 2H2O--> Ca(OH)2 + H2 All but which reaction is expected to occur on the basis of the reaction of calcium and water? - ANSWER-Al + 2H2O --> Al(OH)2 + H2 Jons Jacob Berzellius developed a theory of chemical bonding bas...

Alkane - ANSWER-Single bonds between carbons (filled with hydrogen) Alkane groups - ANSWER-contains carbons and hydrogens Alkane ending - ANSWER--ane Alkane Example - ANSWER-1C= methyl, methane Alkene - ANSWER-at least one carbon double bond c=c; the smallest number of carbons is 2 Al...

Alcohol - ANSWER-A compound that has an -OH group bonded to a saturated, alkane-like carbon atom Phenol - ANSWER-A compound that has an -OH group bonded directly to an aromatic, benzene-like ring Ether - ANSWER-A compound that has an oxygen atom bonded to two organic groups (R-O-R) Hydrogen...

`Buffers - ANSWER-contains significant amounts of a weak base and its conjugate acid or weak acid and conjugate base Characteristics of buffers - ANSWER--resist pH change -weak acid neutralizes added base -weak base neutralizes added acid Common Ion Effect - ANSWER-Tendency for a common ion...

What are buffer solutions made of? - ANSWER-Weak acid and its conjugate base. weak base and its conjugate acid At the equivalence point what does the volume do? - ANSWER-The volume will double Insoluble bases dissolve in what solution? - ANSWER-Acidic Solutions Insoluble acids dissolve in w...

Chemical Hand Warmers - ANSWER-Most hand warmers work by using the heat released from the slow oxidation of iron 4 Fe(s) + 3 O2(g) → 2 Fe2O3(s) The amount your hand temperature rises depends on several factors: The size of the hand warmer The size of your glove, etc. Mainly, the amount of h...

Work - ANSWER-directed energy change resulting from a process Radiant Energy - ANSWER-solar energy, comes from the sun and is earth's primary form of energy Thermal Energy - ANSWER-energy associated with the random motion of atoms and molecules Chemical Energy - ANSWER-stored withing the s...

Saturated solution - ANSWER--solution that contains the maximum amount of a solute that will dissolve in a solvent at a specific temperature Solubility - ANSWER--amount of solute dissolved in a given volume of a saturated solution -refers to specific solute/solvent/temperature Unsaturated sol...

Reversible process - ANSWER--occurs when the products of the reaction can react to form reactants Equilibrium - ANSWER--state in which forward and reverse processes are occurring at the same rate -no net change in reactant and product concentrations over time Reaction quotient (Qc) - ANSWER--...

Bronsted acid - ANSWER--donates a proton Bronsted base - ANSWER--accepts a proton Conjugate base - ANSWER--anion that remains when a Bronsted acid donates a proton Conjugate pair - ANSWER--combination of a Bronsted acid and its conjugate base (or vice versa) Conjugate acid - ANSWER--cati...

at equilibrium, concentration - ANSWER-stops changing The equilibrium constant, Kp, for the following reaction is 1.04×10-2 at 548 K. Calculate Kc for this reaction at this temperature. - ANSWER-Use the equation kp=Kc(RT)^(change in moles of gas) Or, use kc=Kp(RT)^(-change in moles of gas) *re...

Metal atoms can ________ electrons in chemical reactions to form cations. - ANSWER-lose Nonmetal and metalloid elements can _____ electrons to form anions. - ANSWER-gains Ion-Ion forces... - ANSWER-apply to very high temperature liquids and to ionic solids, and are due to net attraction betwee...

Matter - ANSWER-anything occupying space and having mass Simplest Form of Matter - ANSWER-debatable Atom - ANSWER-neutrons + protons + electrons [ nucleus ] Element - ANSWER-collection of atoms (same type) different atoms have different types of atoms Example of an Element - ANSWER-...

1 carbon in chain - ANSWER-me- 2 carbons in chain - ANSWER-eth- 3 carbons in chain - ANSWER-pro- 4 carbons in chain - ANSWER-bu- 5 carbons in chain - ANSWER-pent- 6 carbons in chain - ANSWER-hex- 7 carbons in chain - ANSWER-hept- 8 carbons in chain - ANSWER-oct- Amines - ANSW...

Intramolecular - ANSWER-forces holding atoms within molecules intermolecular - ANSWER-forces of attraction between molecules Ion-ion - ANSWER-strongest bonds; high melting temps; involve cations and anions ion-permanent dipole - ANSWER-salts + polar molecules (water); metal ions with water ...

chemical kinetics - ANSWER-area of chemistry concerned with the speeds or rates at which chemical reactions occur 1) rate law 2) factors that affect rate 3) collision theory 4) reaction mechanisms rate - ANSWER-a measure of how much a quantity changes per unit time ***rate=change in concentr...

Proton donor - ANSWER-An acid in Bronsted Lowry theory is a... Proton acceptor - ANSWER-A base in Bronsted Lowry theory is a... Strong acid : hydrochloric acid - ANSWER-HCl strong acid ; hydrobromic acid - ANSWER-HBr Strong acid : hydroiodic acid - ANSWER-HI Strong acid : Nitric acid ...

Avogadro's Number - ANSWER-6.022 x 10²³ particles Ideal Gas Law - ANSWER-PV = nRT P = Pressure (atm) V = Volume (Liters) n = Moles R = Gas Constant (.082) T = Temperature (Kelvin) Celsius to Kelvin Conversion - ANSWER-C⁰ + 273 = K STP - ANSWER-Standard Temp and Pressure: 1 atm an...

Anode - ANSWER-Where oxidation occurs Cathode - ANSWER-Where reduction occurs Electrolysis - ANSWER-Use of electric energy to drive nonspontaneous chemical reaction Electrolytic cell - ANSWER-Carries out electrolysis Overvoltage - ANSWER-Difference between the calculated voltage and the ...

Thermodynamics - ANSWER-Investigates the direction and extent of a reaction Deals with relations between heat and other forms of energy Kinetics definition, and 4 factors that affect it. - ANSWER-Investigates the rate of chemical reactions 1. Concentration of reactants 2. Physical state of re...

4 - ANSWER-combining power of carbon alkanes - ANSWER-carbon-carbon single bones oxidation of an aldehyde - ANSWER-carboxylic acid naming carbox acid - ANSWER-drop -e add - oil acid propanoic acid reaction of carboxylic acid with strong base - ANSWER-carboylate salt naming carbox sal...

oxidation of an aldehyde - ANSWER-carboxylic acid reaction of carboxylic acid with strong base - ANSWER-carbohlate salt dehydration of carboxylic acid with an alcohol - ANSWER-ester acid hydrolysis of an ester - ANSWER-carboxylic acid and alcohol base hydrolysis of an ester - ANSWER-carb...

P=F/A - ANSWER-pressure equals force divided by area Boyle's Law - ANSWER-they volume of a fixed quantity of gas at constant temperature is INVERSELY proportional to the pressure Boyle's Law equation - ANSWER-PV=K Charles's Law - ANSWER-The volume of a fixed amount of gas at a constant p...

phase - ANSWER-Homogeneous part of the system in contact with other parts of the system but separated from them by a well defined boundary. intermolecular forces - ANSWER-attractive forces between molecules. Weaker than intramolecular forces. intramolecular forces - ANSWER-hold atoms together...

what subatomic particles make up atoms? what are their charges? - ANSWER-protons (P): positive charge neutrons (n): neutral charge (proton and electron combined) electrons (e-): negative charge what gives an illusion of solidity? - ANSWER-energy between atoms where are protons and neutrons f...

Factors that affect Rate of Chemical Reaction - ANSWER-Chemical reactants, ability of reactants to meet, concentration, temperature, catalysts, activation energy, mechanism Concentration - ANSWER-Higher concentration = more collisions = faster rate Temperature - ANSWER-Raising temp increases m...