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Summary of the Berlin Blockade Crisis (IB History)
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Brief summary of the Berlin Blockade crisis during the Cold War. Examined from the framework of a crisis for the IB History SL exam.
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Berlin Blockade 1948—1949 LeadersPolicies, Events & Implications Harry Truman
Unconditional surrender and occupation of Germany agreed by the Grand Alliance. Joseph Stalin
The Allied Control Council is created in 1945 for the administration of Germany.
Proposal for a four-power currency created by the ACC rejected by USSR in 1948.
During the final ACC meeting in 1948 the West announces plans for the unification
of western zones and the establishment of the West German government. The
Soviets leave the meeting and begin plans for the creation of an East German state. Concepts
The Western powers announce in 1948 the creation of a new currency that would be Bizonia
used in West Germany and West Berlin.
The result of the merger of US
In April 1948 the Soviets prevented military supplies from coming into West Berlin. and UK occupied zones in 1946
A full-blown blockade was then established by inhibiting water, road or railroad Germany.
transport through East Germany into West Berlin.
Trizonia
The blockade was countered by July 1 with Operation Vittles, a massive airlift that
The result of France joining the
supplied Berlin for 323 days with an average of 13 000 tons of supplies per day.
Americans and British in joint
The success of the Berlin Airlift was such that in April 15, 1949, the Allies enacted a administration of occupied
so-called Eastern Parade; nearly 13 000 tons of coal were delivered in 1 383 flights. zones in Germany 1948.
Significance & Importance
The Berlin blockade is considered to be the first serious crisis of the Cold War.
The crisis paved the way for a permanent division of Germany and Berlin.
It was the first Soviet failed attempt to oust its former allies from Berlin.
The blockade was in response to the Marshall Plan, the Treaty of Brussels and a
Agreements
report from East German socialits that were going to lose the October elections in Allied Control Council (ACC)
Berlin unless the Allies were removed from the city. Created in 1945 for the joint
Stalin’s rationale was that the western powers violated the Yalta and Potsdam occupation and administration
agreements, as the currency unification was a rejection of the four-powers of Germany.
administration of Germany. Treaty of Brussels
As there was no official treaty between the four powers regarding transportation, Signed in 1948 by the United
Stalin was not in violation of international law. Kingdom, France, Belgium,
There were those in the US government who felt that Soviet aggression had to be the Netherlands and
matched by US strength in the form of the US military force. However, Truman’s Luxembourg to prevent the
actions and resulted in a public victory for Anglo-American ingenuity over a Soviet spread of communism.
show of brute force and inhumanity. Expanded to include mutual
defence.
Effect, Consequences & Impact North Atlantic Treaty
The failure of the blockade marked the consolidation of Europe into two blocs. Organization (NATO)
The Soviet Union had to recognize the political rights of West Berlin as a separate Signed in 1949 by US, Canada
political entity linked not to East Germany but to the West. Denmark, Iceland, Portugal,
The blockade convinced the Allies of the need to protect the western zones. Hence, Italy and the signatories of
the American, British and French zones were merged into trizonia. the Treaty of Brussels.
Members would coordinate
In May 23, 1949, the Federal Republic of Germany was created. A constitution was
joint military action in the
written and elections were held, with Konrad Adenauer becoming Chancellor.
event of a Soviet attack.
The Soviets issued a formal protest that the creation of a separate state violated the
Mutual Defense Assistance
Potsdam agreements.
Program
In October 1949, the German Democratic Republic was created. East Germany
Created in 1949 by the US
functioned under the Socialist Unity Party of Germany as a Marxist-Leninist country.
Congress to assist the
In March 1948, the Treaty of Brussels was signed. Initially focused on preventing the member states of the North
spread of communism it was expanded in September to include mutual defence. Atlantic Treaty Organization.
In April 1949, the North Atlantic Treaty was signed. The signatories agreed that an
attack on one would be considered an attack on all.
The Mutual Defense Assistance Program by the US allocated $1.4 billion to NATO.
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