Summary
3.6C: Neuropsychology Summary
- Course
- Institution
- Book
This document includes the summaries of all chapters and articles that were needed for the 3.6C exam.
[Show more]
Connected book
Book Title:
Author(s):
- Edition:
- ISBN:
- Edition:
More summaries for
-
Test Bank for An Introduction to Brain and Behavior 6th Bryan Kolb , Ian Q. Whishaw , G. Campbell Teskey A+ 2024
-
Brain & Behavior (Chapter 1 & 2)
-
Complete summary of Brain & Behavior
Seller
Follow
dogaunsal
Content preview
Theme 1: Perception and Motor SystemProblem 1.0
Kolb – Chapter 9: Organization in the Motor System
Posterior cortex: movement and sensory
info from vision, touch, and hearing into
the frontal regions via other sources.
1. Prefrontal cortex: plans movements
2. Premotor cortex: organizes
movement into sequences.
3. Primary motor complex (M1):
specific movements such as hand and
mouth movements.
Posterior cortex → Prefrontal cortex →
premotor cortex → Primary Motor
Cortex.
In simple tasks, premotor and motor cortex. In complex tasks that require planning, temporal,
and prefrontal cortex for decision, premotor and motor for execution.
Mapping the cortex using electrical stimulation: Penfield’s motor homunculus
Natural movement categories
- Primary motor cortex: hands in lower space, manipulate in central space, chewing and
licking.
- Premotor cortex: Climbing, leaping, reach to grasp, defense, hand to mouth.
Visual-parietal-motor connections
- Visual cortex: see object, parietal cortex: know what body part will grab it, motor cortex
grabs it
Mirroring movement:
- Mirror neuron theory: we understand our own actions and those of others by internally
replicating the movements we would use to produce that action.
, - The absence of empathy in autism might be due to no mirror
neuron because these neurons activate in gestural and verbal
language.
The Brainstem: Motor control
- Basal ganglia and movement force: connect motor cortex with the
midbrain and connect the sensory regions to motor cortex.
o Substantia nigra → Caudate and putamen → Thalamus → Cortex
→ Movement
o Damage to basal ganglia: Huntington’s disease, Tourette’s,
Parkinson’s. a lot of involuntary movements (Hyperkinetic
symptoms) or making difficulties making movement (hypokinetic
symptoms).
- The cerebellum and motor learning: balance, eye movements,
posture, walking. It has a role in movement timing and maintaining
movement accuracy. + error correction (Figure 9.17)
Kolb – Chapter 13: The occipital lobe.
V1 (Striate cortex): color, form, motion, V4: color, v5: motion
The theory of occipital lobe function:
- Both v1 and v2 process color, form, and motion.
- V1, v2 → v3: dynamic form (shape of
objects in motion)
Visual functions beyond the occipital lobe:
- Vision for action
- Action for vision
- Visual recognition
- Visual space: egocentric space (relative to
the individual), allocentric space (relative to one
another)
- Visual attention
Visual pathways:
- Dorsal → where? Spatial location
- Ventral → what? Facial recognition
2
,Kolb – Chapter 14: The parietal lobe. (374-384)
The parietal cortex processes and integrates somatosensory and visual
information, especially about controlling movement.
Parietal Lobe Anatomy.
Subdivisions of the Parietal Cortex:
- The parietal lobe can be divided into two areas → anterior (3-1-2-43),
posterior (the rest, posterior parietal cortex).
- PG: related to vision.
- Dorsal stream of visual processing passes through intraparietal sulcus
(cIPS) and the parietal reach regions (PRR)
- The regions in the cIPS contribute to controlling involuntary, abrupt,
and rapid movements of eyes (area LIP) and visual control of object-
directed grasping (AIP)
o
Connections of the Parietal Cortex:
- Area PE is somatosensory, receives connections from the primary
somatosensory cortex (3-1-2).
o PE’s cortical outputs are to the primary motor cortex (4) and supplementary
motor (SMA) and premotor (6-8) and PF.
o Thus, area PE plays a role in guiding movement by providing information about
the limb’s position.
- Area PF has input from the primary somatosensory cortex through PE.
o PF receives inputs from the motor and premotor cortex and a small visual input
from PG.
o PF’s connections are similar to PE, thus, these connections might elaborate
similar info for the motor systems.
- Area PG receives info including visual, skin sensations, internal stimuli, balance, eye
movement, and cingulate. Called “parieto-temporo-occipital-crossroads.”
3
, o PG controls spatially guided behavior with respect to visual and tactile
information.
Anatomy of the Dorsal Stream (Where?):
- Premotor, prefrontal, and medial temporal regions are the three pathways.
o Premotor is the “how” pathway.
o Prefrontal: Visuospatial functions related to the working memory.
o Medial pathway has a role in spatial navigation.
- Thus, the posterior parietal cortex contributes to the dorsal stream by participating in
non-conscious visuospatial behavior. Ex. Reaching and grasping objects.
A Theory of Parietal-Lobe Function.
Anterior zone processes somatic sensations and perceptions while the posterior zone
specializes in integrating sensory input from the somatic and visual regions to a lesser
extent, for controlling body movements.
Behavioral Uses of Spatial Information:
- Object recognition: temporal lobe codes object’s relational properties. Part of this
coding occurs in the polymodal region of the superior temporal sulcus and in the
hippocampal formation.
- Movement guidance: posterior parietal region → activate during sensory input and
movement. The cells in here have two functions:
o (1) receive combinations of sensory, motivational, and related motor inputs, (2)
discharge is enhanced when animal attends to a target or moves toward it.
- Sensorimotor Transformation: neural calculations in which when we move, the locations
of our body parts change and perception of our body must be constantly updated so
that we can make future movements smoothly.
- Spatial navigation: route knowledge or the cognitive spatial map → PRR, medial parietal
region (MPR)
The complexity of spatial information: patients with posterior parietal lesions are impaired at
distinguishing left from right.
Other Parietal-Lobe Functions:
- Acalculia → the inability to perform mathematical operations. These depend on the
polysensory tissue at the left temporoparietal junction.
4
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller dogaunsal. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for CA$16.06. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
59325 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now