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OXFORD IB DIplOm a pROgRam m eS ECO N D ED I TI O N
ECONOMICS
C O U R S E C O M PA N I O N
Jocelyn Blink
Ian Dorton
,
Palgrave M acm illan fo r s e c tio n s fro m In dicato r Tab le s fro m th e U n ite d N atio n s
D e ve lo p m e n t P ro gram m e Hum an D evelo p m ent Rep ort 2 0 0 9 .
Pro fe s s o r Frie d rich S ch n e id e r fo r tab le s fro m D is c u s s io n P ap e r 1 4 3 1 , D e c e m b e r 2 0 0 4 .
S tatis tics C an ad a fo r m ate rial an d data re p ro du ce d fro m th e S tatis tic s C an ad a w e b s ite .
Te le grap h M e d ia G ro u p Ltd fo r B o n n ie M alkin : H u ge in cre as e in de m and fo r h am s te rs
Great Clarendon S treet, O xford OX2 6DP in C h ina The Telegrap h: 1 2 . 2 . 2 0 0 8 , co p yrigh t Te le grap h M e d ia G ro u p Ltd 2 0 0 8 .
Wo rld Trad e O rgan iz atio n (W TO ) fo r tab le s e xtracte d fro m Country Profiles an d th e
O xford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Wo rld Trade O rgan is atio n in te grate d datab as e .
It furthers the Universitys objective of excellence in research, W RE N m e d ia fo r Fo cu s o n B e nin , New Agriculturalist, w w w. ne w -ag.in fo
scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in
O xford New York
Th e p u b lis h e rs w o u ld like to th an k S te ve H arris o f H arris e Le arn in g (w w w.h arris e le arnin g.
Auckland Cape Town Dar es S alaam Hong Kong Karachi co m ) fo r th e in te rac tive diagram s o n th e C D -RO M .
Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi Au th o rs
Ian D orton has been teaching IB D ip lom a Program m e econom ics for twenty-five years. H e has
New D elhi S hanghai Taipei Toronto
taught in the UK and S ingap ore and is currently teaching at the Am erican International S chool
in Vienna. H e is a Princip al E xam iner for IB E conom ics.
Jocelyn B link has been teaching IB D ip lom a Program m e econom ics for twenty years. S he has
Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece taught in C anada, Nigeria and currently teaches at the Vienna International S chool. S he is a
Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore Princip al E xam iner for IB E conom ics.
S outh Korea S witzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam D e d icatio n
We wo u ld like to thank o ur current and p as t S ub j e ct Are a M anage rs Fras er Lawre nce, C hris
O xford is a registered trade mark of O xford University Press
M annix and Alis o n D o o gan. We wo u ld also like to thank G are th Re es , fo r p utting o n th e hat
in the UK and in certain other countries that he co u ld finally wear. We re m em b e r fo ndly o ur friend To ny H alsall.
O xford University Press 2 01 2 We dedicate this b o o k to all the e co no m ics gee ks who m we have taugh t o ver m any ye ars
and to o ur children N iki, C aro line, B en and N ick.
The moral rights of the author have been asserted We are grate fu l to th e fo llo w in g fo r p e rm is s io n to re p rin t c o p yrigh t m ate rial:
Tab le s fro m th e O ffice o f N atio n al S tatis tic s C o n s u m e r Price s In de x an d Re tails Price s
D atabase right Oxford University Press (maker)
In de x: Th e 2 0 1 0 B as ke t o f G o o ds an d S e rvic e s , P h ilip G o o din g, C ro w n 2 0 1 0 , are u s e d
First published 2 01 1 u n de r th e te rm s o f th e O p e n G o ve rn m e n t Lic e n c e .
Th e A s s o ciate d Pre s s , via th e YG S G ro u p fo r An ita C h an g: C h ina re j e c ts late s t U K c h arge
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, o n cu rre n cy, Th e As s o c iate d P re s s , 2 4 . 6 . 2 0 1 0 , c o p yrigh t Th e As s o ciate d Pre s s 2 0 1 0 .
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, C an ad ian B ro ad cas ting C o rp o ratio n fo r U ne m p lo ym e n t rate e dge s u p to 6 .4 % , C B C
without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as News, 5 .5 .2 006.
expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate Th e E co n o m is t N e w s p ap e r fo r grap h : Lu xe m b o u rg - G D P % c h ange o n a ye ar e arlie r,
reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction The Econom ist, 1 3 . 7 . 2 0 0 6 , c o p yrigh t Th e E co n o m is t N e w s p ap e r Ltd, Lo n do n 2 0 0 6 ; tab le :
Th e E co n o m is t c o m m o dity-p ric e in de x, Th e E c o n o m is t, 2 2 . 7 . 2 0 1 0 , c o p yrigh t Th e
outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department,
E c o n o m is t N e w s p ap e r Ltd , Lo n do n 2 0 1 0 ; an d e xtrac t fro m Th e rich w o rld s farm e rs
O xford University Press, at the address above are s till re ap in g h an ds o m e s u b s idie s in clu d in g b ar ch art: Agric u ltu ral s u b s idie s , The
You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover Eco nom ist, 1 . 7 . 2 0 1 0 , co p yrigh t Th e E c o n o m is t N e w s p ap e r Ltd , Lo n do n 2 0 1 0
and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Th e E u ro p e an C o m m is s io n fo r e xtrac t fro m E u ro p a p re s s re le as e 1 7 Janu ary 2 0 0 9 ,
co p yrigh t E u ro p e an U nio n 2 0 0 9 .
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Th e F in an cial Tim e s fo r Qu e n tin Pe e l: G e rm an b u s in e s s s e n tim e n t in th re e -ye ar h igh ,
Financial Tim es, 2 3 .7 .2 0 1 0
D ata available
G u ard ian N e w s an d M e d ia Ltd fo r Katie Alle n : U K cu rre n t acc o u nt d e ficit w ide ns as
ISBN: 978 -0-1 9-8 39000-8 im p o rts ro c ke t, The Guard ian, 1 3 . 5 . 2 0 1 0 , c o p yrigh t G u ard ian N e ws an d M e d ia Ltd 2 0 1 0 ;
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 an d Jas o n B u rke & S aad H am m ad i: D h aka garm e n t w o rke rs in vio le n t p ro te s rts o ve r lo w
p ay, The Guardian, 3 1 .7 .2 0 1 0 , c o p yrigh t G u ardian N e w s an d M e dia Ltd 2 0 1 0 .
Printed in Singapore by KHL Printing Co. Pte Ltd In te rn atio nal B accalau re ate O rgan iz atio n fo r u s e o f e xam p le qu e s tio n s fro m p re vio u s
e xam in atio n p ap e rs .
Acknowledgments
In te rn atio nal Lab o u r O ffice fo r e xtracts fro m th e h o m e p age o f ILO w e b s ite at ww w.
C o ve r: N ic h o las P itt/G e tty Im age s ; P2 : H u lto n Arc h ive /G e tty Im age s ; P 3 : NAS A; P1 2 : ilo .o rg
Im agn o /H u lto n Arc h ive /G e tty Im age s ; P 1 5 : Ke ys to n e , M artial Tre z z in i/AP P h o to ; P 2 2 : In te rn atio nal M o ne tary Fu n d via C o p yrigh t C le aran c e C e n te r fo r tab le fro m World
D w o ri/S h u tte rs to c k; P 2 4 : B e ttm an n/C o rb is ; P2 8 : c as s ie d e alain/S h u tte rs to ck; P 3 5 : M ars e l8 2 / Eco nom ic O utlo ok 2 0 1 0 , an d e xtracts fro m H IPC Facts h e e t, 1 8 . 2 . 2 0 1 0 , co p yrigh t 2 0 1 0 b y th e
S h u tte rs to c k; P5 3 : Anto n Lu h r/P h o to lib rary; P7 0 : RU PA C O T TO N M ILLS (E PZ ) LTD ; P 8 7 t: In te rnatio n al M o n e tary Fu n d.
Wo lfgan g Rattay/Re u te rs ; P8 7 b : S te p h e n M c s w e e ny/S h u tte rs to ck; P 9 9 : Je m m a Jo n e s /Alam y; Kin gs p o rt Tim e s fo r e dito rial C igare tte tax h ike w o u ld b e ne fit Te n ne s s e e re s ide n ts , The
P 1 0 3 : C h ris to p h e r E lw e ll/S h u tte rs to c k; P1 1 5 : Jam e s M Ph e lp s , Jr/S h u tte rs to ck; P 1 2 2 : Ke vin Kingsp o rt Tim es, 2 0 .3 .2 0 0 6 .
Fo y/Re x Fe atu re s ; P 1 3 7 : H e in z -Pe te r B ad e r/Re u te rs ; P1 3 9 : Fe re n c C e gle di/S h u tte rs to ck; M o n e yWe e k Ltd fo r H e adw in ds w ill b u ffe t G e rm an y, w w w. m o n e ywe e k. co m , 1 6 . 7 . 2 0 1 0 .
P 1 4 6 : S o n n y M e d dle /Re x Fe atu re s ; P 1 4 9 t: PO O L N e w/Re u te rs ; P 1 4 9 b : To m m y Tre n c h ard/ N e w s In te rn atio n al S yn d icatio n fo r Le o Le wis & D avid Ro b e rts o n: C o p p e r b re aks
Alam y; P 1 5 0 : yvo n 5 2 /S h u tte rs to ck; P 1 5 2 : Jim Parkin /S h u tte rs to c k; P1 5 9 : S cie nc e M u s e u m / th ro u gh $ 8 , 0 0 0 p er to n n e b arrie r b u t h o t m e tal p rice s m ay s o o n c o o l, Th e Tim e s , 7 . 4 . 2 0 1 0 ,
S c ie n ce & S o c ie ty Pic tu re Lib rary; P 1 6 6 : C h e ryl C as e y/D re am s tim e ; P1 7 4 : S h au n H e n s h e r/ co p yrigh t Th e Tim e s /N IS yn dic atio n 2 0 1 0 .
S h u tte rs to c k; P1 7 6 : Vib rant Im age S tu d io /S h u tte rs to ck; P1 8 7 : Ro b B arte e /Alam y; P1 8 8 : O E C D fo r J C u kie r Jo b G ap - Wan te d: 1 5 m illio n p o s ts , O E C D Factb lo g, 1 7 . 7 . 2 0 1 0 ,
An dre w Parke r/Alam y; P 1 9 1 l: S arah Flan agan /Re x Fe atu re s ; P 1 9 1 r: An ge la Ro w lin gs /AP O E C D 2 0 1 0 ; figu re b as e d o n N e t O ffic ial D e ve lo p m e n t As s is tance 2 0 0 7 & 2 0 0 8 O ECD DAC
P h o to ; P 1 9 6 t: Ap p le to n /Alam y; P 1 9 6 b : Walte r S to ne m an/S trin ge r/H u lto n Arc h ive /G e tty Statistics , O E C D ; tab le fro m D e ve lo p m e nt C o -o p e ration Rep ort 2 0 1 0 , c o p yrigh t O E C D
Im age s ; P 2 0 4 : Is o p ix/Re x Fe atu re s ; P 2 1 2 : D W Im age s N o rth e rn Ire land /Alam y; P 2 2 1 : Ke ith 2 0 1 0 ; an d tab le fro m E c o n o m ic O u tlo o k N o 7 9 , Ju n e 2 0 0 6 , c o p yrigh t O E C D 2 0 0 6 .
Le igh to n /Alam y; P2 2 3 : Ke ith Le igh to n /Alam y; P2 2 5 : D avid n M adde n /S h u tte rs to ck; P 2 3 2 : O xfo rd U nive rs ity Pre s s fo r e xtract fro m D evelo p m ent as Freed om b y Am artya S e n (O U P,
G e o rge Ro s e /C o n trib u to r/G e tty Im age s E n te rtain m e n t/G e tty Im age s ; P 2 3 5 : Jo e G o u gh / 1 9 9 9 ).
S h u tte rs to c k; P2 4 4 : S s gu y/S h u tte rs to ck; P2 6 4 : H u lto n Arch ive /G e tty Im age s ; P2 6 5 : Wo rld Palgrave M acm illan fo r s e c tio n s fro m In dicato r Tab le s fro m th e U n ite d N atio n s
Trade O rgan iz atio n ; P 2 6 8 : Jo h n H e n s h all/Alam y; P 2 8 2 : Vin ic iu s Tu p in am b a/S h u tte rs to ck; D e ve lo p m e n t P ro gram m e H u m an D e ve lo p m e nt Re p o rt 2 0 0 9 .
P 2 8 4 : M C C N o rth Lo n do n /Re x Fe atu re s ; P2 9 0 : C h ris to p h e r Raw lins /D re am s tim e ; P 2 9 4 : Fe ng PARS In te rn atio n al fo r E U im p o s e s lo n g-te rm tariffs o n As ian s h o e s b y To m Rac h m an,
Yu /S h u tte rs to c k; P 2 9 5 tl: O llirg/S h u tte rs to c k; P 2 9 5 b l: M alc o lm Park/Alam y; P2 9 5 tr: Je ro m e International Herald Trib une, 5 . 1 0 .2 0 0 6 , c o p yrigh t 2 0 0 6 IH T/ih t. co m ; Au s tralia rais e s rate s
D e lay/AP Ph o to ; P2 9 5 m : Je ro m e D e lay/AP P h o to ; P2 9 5 b r: S te p h e n S tre e t/P h o to lib rary; P 3 1 0 : fo r s e c o n d co ns e cu tive m o n th b y B e ttin a Was s e n e r, International Herald Tribune, 4 . 1 1 .2 0 0 9 ,
4 x5 C o ll-PR Pro du ctio ns 1 9 9 5 /P h o to lib rary; P3 1 1 : Jo ch e n Tac k/P h o to lib rary; P3 1 2 : E le na co p yrigh t 2 0 0 9 IH T/ih t.c o m ; S m o ke S h ifte rs : Le arn in g to lo ve th e B an b y E lis ab e th
S c hw e itz e r/S h u tte rs to ck; P 3 1 4 : Wo lfgan g D ie de rich /Ph o to lib rary; P 3 2 4 : Jo rge n S c hytte / Ro s e n th al, The New York Tim es, 2 9 . 1 0 . 2 0 0 6 , co p yrigh t 2 0 0 6 Th e N e w Yo rk Tim e s ; and
P h o to lib rary; P3 3 1 : To u h ig S io n/C o rb is ; P 3 3 6 : Ro n G ilin g/P h o to lib rary; P 3 3 8 : Ro m e o U N u rge s n e w re s o u rc e acc o u nting: C ite s B P S p ill, Re u te rs . co m , 1 2 . 7 . 2 0 1 0 , c o p yrigh t
Ran o c o /Re u te rs ; P 3 3 9 t: Ro d M c Le an /Alam y; P 3 3 9 b : Praw e e S rip lakic h /Alam y; P3 4 0 : S ylvain e 2 0 1 0 Th o m s o n Re u te rs . Th o m s o n Re u te rs j o u rn alis ts are s u b j e c t to an E dito rial
P o itau /Alam y; P3 4 6 : C h ris M artin B ah r/Re x Fe atu re s ; P 3 4 7 : Ac tio n P re s s /Re x Fe atu re s ; P3 5 8 : H and b o o k wh ic h re qu ire s fair p re s e ntatio n an d dis c lo s u re o f re le van t inte re s ts . All Righ ts
Je an -M arc G ib o u x/C o n trib u to r/G e tty Im age s N e ws /G e tty Im age s ; P 3 5 9 : P ris m 6 8 / Re s e rve d. U s e d b y p e rm is s io n an d p ro te cte d b y th e C o p yrigh t Law s o f th e U n ite d S tate s .
S h u tte rs to c k; P3 6 0 : E . We s tm ac o tt/Alam y; P 3 6 4 : B o rde rlan ds /Alam y; P3 7 0 : P ie rre -Yve s Re p u b lic atio n o r re dis trib u tio n is e xp re s s ly p ro h ib ite d with o u t p rio r writte n co ns e nt.
B ab e lo n/S h u tte rs to ck; P 3 7 3 : Jim We s t/Ph o to lib rary; P 3 7 6 : H e le n e Ro ge rs /Art D ire cto rs & Pro fe s s o r Frie d rich S ch n e id e r fo r tab le s fro m D is c u s s io n P ap e r 1 4 3 1 , D e ce m b e r 2 0 0 4 .
Trip ; P 3 7 9 : JTB P h o to /P h o to lib rary; P3 9 5 : Alis tair Lin fo rd/Re x Fe atu re s . S tatis tics C an ad a fo r m ate rial an d data re p ro du ce d fro m th e S tatis tic s C an ad a w e b s ite .
We are grate fu l to th e fo llo w in g fo r p e rm is s io n to re p rint co p yrigh t m ate rial: Te le grap h M e d ia G ro u p Ltd fo r B o n n ie M alkin : H u ge in cre as e in de m an d fo r h am s te rs
Tab le s fro m th e O ffic e o f N atio n al S tatis tics C o ns u m e r P ric e s In de x an d Re tails P ric e s in C h ina The Telegrap h: 1 2 . 2 . 2 0 0 8 , co p yrigh t Te le grap h M e d ia G ro u p Ltd 2 0 0 8 .
Ind e x: Th e 2 0 1 0 B as ke t o f G o o ds and S e rvice s , Ph ilip G o o d in g, C ro w n 2 0 1 0 , are u s e d Tran s p are n cy In te rnatio n al: th e G lo b al C o alitio n Again s t C o rru p tio n fo r tab le s fro m
u n de r th e te rm s o f th e O p e n G o ve rn m e nt Lic e n ce . Transp arency Internatio nal Global Corrup tion B aro m eter 2 0 0 5 , (h ttp : //w w w. tran s p are n cy. o rg/
Th e E u ro p e an C o m m is s io n fo r e xtract fro m E u ro p a p re s s re le as e 1 7 Jan u ary 2 0 0 9 , p o licy_re s e arc h /s u rve ys _in dic e s /gc b /2 0 0 5 . To re ad m o re ab o u t Tran s p are n c y In te rnatio n al
c o p yrigh t E u ro p e an U n io n 2 0 0 9 . go to w w w.trans p are n cy. o rg.
Th e Finan cial Tim e s fo r Qu e ntin P e e l: G e rm an b u s in e s s s e ntim e n t in th re e -ye ar h igh , US A To d ay, a divis io n o f G an n e tt C o . , In c fo r D avid J Lyn c h : C h in a-U S trade te n s io n s
Finan cial Tim es, 2 3 . 7 . 2 0 1 0 gro w , USA To day, 1 5 .9 .2 0 0 9 , c o p yrigh t U S A To d ay 2 0 0 9 .
G u ard ian N e w s an d M e d ia Ltd fo r Katie Alle n : U K c u rre nt ac co u n t de fic it wide n s as Wo rld B ank via C o p yrigh t C le aran c e C e n te r fo r grap h A c o m p aris o n o f diffe re nt gro w th
im p o rts ro c ke t, The Guardian, 1 3 . 5 . 2 0 1 0 , c o p yrigh t G u ardian N e w s an d M e dia Ltd 2 0 1 0 ; rate s 1 9 8 0 -2 0 0 8 fro m Wo rld D e ve lo p m e n t In dicato rs 2 0 0 9
and Jas o n B u rke & S aad H am m adi: D h aka garm e n t w o rke rs in vio le n t p ro te s rts o ve r lo w Wo rld Trad e O rgan iz atio n (W TO ) fo r tab le s e xtracte d fro m Country Profiles an d th e
p ay, The Guard ian, 3 1 . 7 . 2 0 1 0 , co p yrigh t G u ard ian N e w s an d M e dia Ltd 2 0 1 0 . Wo rld Trade O rgan is atio n in te grate d datab as e .
In te rn atio n al B accalau re ate O rgan iz atio n fo r u s e o f e xam p le qu e s tio n s fro m p re vio u s W RE N m e d ia fo r Fo cu s o n B e nin , New Agriculturalist, w w w. ne w -ag.in fo
e xam in atio n p ap e rs . We h ave trie d to trac e an d c o n tac t all co p yrigh t h o lde rs b e fo re p u b lic atio n . If n o tifie d th e
Kin gs p o rt Tim e s fo r e d ito rial C igare tte tax h ike wo u ld b e n e fit Te n n e s s e e re s id e n ts , The p u b lis h e rs will b e p le as e d to re c tify an y e rro rs o r o m is s io ns at th e e arlie s t o p p o rtu n ity.
Kingsp ort Tim es, 2 0 . 3 . 2 0 0 6 .
M o ne yWe e k Ltd fo r H e ad win ds will b u ffe t G e rm an y, ww w. m o n e yw e e k. c o m , 1 6 . 7 . 2 0 1 0 .
N e w s In te rnatio n al S yn d icatio n fo r Le o Le w is & D avid Ro b e rts o n : C o p p e r b re aks
th ro u gh $ 8 , 0 0 0 p e r to n n e b arrie r b u t h o t m e tal p rice s m ay s o o n co o l, The Tim es, 7 . 4 . 2 0 1 0 ,
c o p yrigh t Th e Tim e s 2 0 1 0 .
O xfo rd Un ive rs ity Pre s s fo r e xtrac t fro m D evelop m ent as Fre edom b y Am artya S e n (O U P,
1 9 9 9 ).
,
Course Companion definition
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iii
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