Interview

HZT4U: Grade 12 University Philosophy Complete Notes

26 views 0 purchase

Course
Philosophy

Institution
4

All the notes up to Unit 5 of the curriculum. If you have any questions or need any extra readings I can provide them with the document, just leave a message.

[Show more]

Preview 4 out of 142 pages

View example

Uploaded on May 4, 2021
Number of pages 142
Written in 2020/2021
Type Interview
Company Unknown
Person Unknown

Institution Secondary school
Education 4
Course Philosophy
School year 4

CA$30.43

Add to cart

Add to wishlist

100% satisfaction guarantee
Immediately available after payment
Both online and in PDF
No strings attached

Unit 1: Greek and Roman thought
Zeno
Parmenides taught Zeno
- Comes across Pythagoreans —> attacking Parmenides
- Pythagorean’s defining reality by a series of points, each point has a number, thus
numbers are reality
- Number cult —> numbers define reality, series of points that can be measured
- In their mind, they know what’s real
- We have the power

If you know what’s real, you can define what you can know
- If you know what’s real you can say what’s right
- Can say how people can be governed
- Can have power

The genius of Zeno
- Assuming that Pythagoreans are correct
- Show how it’s contradictory

Zeno’s paradoxes
- Use their argument against them, if you are right they are wrong, if you are wrong they
are wrong
- Achilles and a tortoise: who would win?
- He claims, depends who starts first (turtle starts first, turtle wins) —> this
is with the Pythagorean argument
- Achilles must always get to the turtle’s past point (at this point the
turtle will be at a new point), will go on forever
- Achilles has an infinite amount of distance to cover in a finite amount of
time
- Observations dictate that this is not what happens: thus Pythagoreans
were proven wrong
- The arrow
- Arrow occupies exact space equal to its length: this defines something
that does not have motion
- Is the arrow moving?
- Must hit a wall, must be moving
- It cannot be moving, b/c it has to occupy the space equal to its length at
any given time
- If time is made only of instances in which the arrow is at rest than
how can the arrow be moving
- Plurality
- Finite number of things in universe

, - What about the space between things (infinite)
- Finite things but infinite space
- Reality becomes both finite and infinite
- The only thing to differentiate between two things is literally that the two
must be different — there doesn’t need to be space between them
- Places: if every place has a place, where does every place exist in
- Where is the universe????
- Into what is everything?
- Millet seed
- Drop a millet seed, makes no sound —> sound = 0
- 0*1000 = 0
- Imperceivable sounds, not zero
- Multiple millet seeds make a sound
- Sound does not exist, created by the brain (same with music, taste, smell)
- Interpreted by brain
- How to know what every sensory input in the brain between two people
are completely different (sounds, colour, etc)
- We wouldn’t be able to tell at all what one person thinks one thing
is compared to someone else
- Is my red your red???
- Where does a body end?
- By the person: the physical end of the body
- By dog: the scent of the person
- Which is right?

Sophists
- Sophists: arguing for the sake of arguing
- Take sons, teach them how to argue
- Allowing them to argue their own will, get their way
- Criticized for charging people to teach them how to argue with no regard for the
truth
Telos of Sophists
- What philosophers believe what the purpose of life is
- Telos for everyone in unit 1: HAPPINESS
- How does each philosopher think you can achieve happiness?
- Sophists: wealth/power brings happiness b/c you get what you want
- Mold society to serve you
- After that: order and stability
- Rich → society goes to chaos ur the first dead rip
- Use propaganda: everyone else must be fooled but not you
- Get people to believe in religion (constrain people’s actions, can’t go
against you)

, - Get people to believe in the law (the rules one person makes up to apply
to everyone else)
Thrasymachus
- What is the law?
- E.g. marijuana law: used to go to jail for having weed
- Now it is different
- Was the law wrong then or now?
- Law is different depending where it is/when it is
- No absolute justice: just obedience to law/rules
- Nothing to do with right or wrong (no morality)
- Just about following rules that is given
- Is that a dictatorship? (just a person of power dictating rules of people)
- All law is: one group has enough power to say: this is how it is
- One group’s power over another group
- Forcing one group to follow rules through absolute power: bullying a group into
following the rules of another group
- Exerting power to force people into following rules
- Advantage of group over the other
- One group has managed to fool another group
- Realize what is best for them and fools the other group into seeing it as law
- Don’t care if one group is disadvantaged

Antiphon
- What is the difference between natural law and human law?
- Natural law: the law of nature
- ‘Bears are dangerous’ (something is true no matter what you think)
- What creates natural law: reality
- What do you judge by when you break natural law: judged by the truth
- Human law: red lights, etc (created by agreement between people)
- Why do we obey red lights?
- What are you being judged by: someone else’s opinion (not the truth)
- When to follow natural law: always (the truth will always see you)
- Only crimes are when you break a natural law
- When to follow human law: when someone is there to observe you
- Only when you can get caught
- People living through a framework created by someone else

Attacking metaphysics itself
- Knowing what reality is, is the basis at which you can start to govern others
Relativism
- The idea that truth is subjective the individual

, Protágoras (relativist)
- Argues that you cannot know reality
- You can win any debate by undermining anyone’s understanding of their own
reality (able to put forth your own side)
- Doesn’t deny there is a reality, doesn’t have the ability to be aware of it
- Knowledge/truth is relative to a person
- “Man/woman is the measure of all things” → we are the measuring stick
- E.g. trees are good for the environment, no, it is only good for us
- The world is in infinite change
- To know something, that thing cannot change (if it changes it is different thus,
you cannot know it)
- “Cannot step in the same river twice” → Heraclitus said this/Protagoras agrees
with it most (application)
- By the time you know something it has already changed
- All objects are different from other objects
- No categories of objects: two objects, even if they are the same species, are
different
- Two trees cannot be the same (knowing one tree does not mean you
know all the other trees)
- Cannot build knowledge on a class of objects
- If they were the same, they would occupy the same space/time (this is
impossible?)
- We all differ in ideation
- Trying to describe something to someone → words are not a reality
- We picture things differently
- Can never see what another person sees (will think up of different
images)
- The world cannot be known
- Try looking at same thing
- How do we know the object doesn’t change at different times, how angle changes
how we view objects
- If we take a photo the same thing happens

Gorgias → sophist: want money/power for happiness
- Absolute relativist
- “You cannot step in the same river once”
- He doesn’t care about whether his argument is right or whether he believes in it
- Much like modern law (just trying to confuse the other side)
1. There is no reality
a. Reality is “what is” (WI)
i. Things that are in front of you, physical objects
ii. Things that can be observed through senses
b. Reality is “what is not” (WIN)

The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.

Quick and easy check-out

You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.

Focus on what matters

Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!

Frequently asked questions

What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?

Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying these notes from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller lucymao. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy these notes for CA$30.43. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

Can Stuvia be trusted?

4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

50064 documents were sold in the last 30 days

Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now

Start selling