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Preservation of The Manchu Language
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The Manchu language is the native language of the Manchu people of North-eastern China. It was the official state language of the Chinese Empire during the imperial rule of the Qing dynasty. The Qing dynasty ruled China from the mid-17th century to the early 20th century. Throughout this period Man...

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  • May 7, 2021
  • 6
  • 2020/2021
  • Essay
  • Unknown
  • A

Subjects

  • manchu language
  • roots
  • history of the manchu language
  • decline of the manchu language
  • efforts in reviving the manchu language by various leaders

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Running header: PRESERVATION OF THE MANCHU LANGUAGE 1




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, PRESERVATION OF THE MANCHU LANGUAGE
2

Introduction


The Manchu language is the native language of the Manchu people of North-eastern

China. It was the official state language of the Chinese Empire during the imperial rule of the

Qing dynasty. The Qing dynasty ruled China from the mid-17th century to the early 20th

century. Throughout this period Manchu and Chinese were the official imperial language and

all imperial business; courts, police and military communication, as well as academia were

conducted in either of the two. Educated civilians, military officers, and other noble people

within the empire were required by official government policy to acquire literacy in Manchu

(Pamela Crossley & Evelyn Rawski, 2011).


Roots, History, and Decline


Manchu belongs to a Tunguistic language group of the Altaic language family; the

language family of central Eurasia and Siberia including the Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic

groups. The roots of Manchu can be traced, therefore, to these groups of languages spoken

across North-eastern China, Russia, and extending through Mongolia. At its peak Manchu

was spoken by over 8.5 million within the Qing dynasty. Up until the mid-17th century, most

the majority of Qing’s empire was monolingual Manchu speakers. This was despite Chinese

being an official language in the empire at the same time. In the period around late 17th

century to early 18th century, however, a significant portion of the population had shifted from

monolingual Manchu speakers to bilingual Manchu and Chinese speakers (Yu 2001). This

was the beginning of the decline of Manchu language and post 18th century Manchu speakers

shifted to monolingual Chinese speakers.


Hsiao-jung Yu’s article titled Manchu Rule over China and the Attrition of the

Manchu Language divides the history of the Manchu language into three periods: the early

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