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IB History Paper 3 notes on China (sorted according to the syllabus)

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This document is my notes on IB History option: History of Asia and Oceania. It covers all of the topics that involve Chinese history. For the record, I was predicted a 7 throughout the whole two years and found the notes that I organized for myself very helpful.

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Uploaded on May 9, 2021
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ib history
paper 3
china
history of asia and oceania

Institution Secondary school
Education 4
Course IB History
School year 4

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7: Challenges to traditional East Asian societies (1700–1868
The nature and structure of imperial rule under the Qing dynasty; Qianlong
Confucianism [ethnic dyarchy with a political monarchy]
Factual condition: doubled territory / population 150million to 400million
Societal Advancement: 1) Irrigation&Water management 2)large-scale agriculture 3)Surplus taxation
4)Trade - “silk roads” + skilled artisans…
Stagnation: 1) Outdated military 2Large size- Difficult to govern 4)demoralization + Opium 5)Famine
6)闭关锁国 closed and insular

Causes and effects of internal challenges; White Lotus Rebellion
Internal Rebellions [All Anti-Manchu]
Key societies: White Lotus Sect, and Heavenly Reason Sect
(Triad Society, Kolao Brotherhood Association — less impactful & discussion - oriented)

White Lotus Sect (⽩莲教)
Reason: 1) appeal to the Han Chinese 2) Qing’s repression towards the Han 3)Low life standards
restoration of Ming Dynasty [linked back to 1300s when Ming was founded]
Started the White Lotus Rebellion (famine, corruption, harassment from government officials)
Effect:
- Unsuccessful campaign, quickly dismantled by the Imperial Army 1796 - 1804
- Highlight Qing Decadence and corruption
- 60% annual budget spent fight Guerrilla fighters (incompetent)

The Chinese tribute system and western trade missions
- During Qing Dynasty 闭关锁国 (missionaries not taken seriously)
- Tributary system: countries like Japan and Korea were smaller and considered weaker had to “pay
tribute” to China in the form of annual gifts 附属国
- Canton system of trade: 13 merchants trade with “Hong merchants” / no diplomatic relations / many
regulations (demand for tea in Britain and America [the Britain East India Company] and Opium)

Causes and consequences of the First and Second Opium Wars; the unequal
treaties
1839 - 1842 First Opium War
Reasons: British and Chinese conflicts over Opium trade / initially, huge trade imbalance (silk/china/tea
etc. more than any commodities from UK )虎门销烟
Effects: 1842 Treaty of Nanjing (UK) / 1844 Treaty of Huangpu (France) Wangxia (US)
- Political/Territorial: 1)Treaty Ports 2)Hong Kong 3)Extraterritoriality 4)most-favoured nation clause
- Military: 1)Foreign gunboats 2) River and inland waterways open
- Economic: 1) Huge indemnities 2) Fixed tariff 3) Influx of foreign goods (less local business)
- Social: 1) Addiction 2) Growth of business class 3) Christian missionaries
1856 - 1860 Second Opium War
Reasons: Used the Arrow incident as an excuse for further trade rights and more
Effects: 1858 Treaties of Tianjin (Humiliation of the Qing government)
- Britain, France, Russia and the U.S. establish diplomatic legations in Beijing [Beijing conventions]
- More Chinese ports opening for trades
- Foreign ships to navigate on the Yangtze River
- Indemnity to Britain and France

)

, Taiping Rebellion: reasons for the rise and fall; consequences for Chinese society
1854 - 1864 Taiping Rebellion
Causes:
- Social and economic factors: population pressure / not enough arable land — unemployment
- Opium - war and addiction
- Military Degradation- no longer a deterrent [during Opium war resources were thinned]
- Political corruption
- Natural disaster — famine
Failure:
- Zeng Guofan finally leads battles to defeat Taipings (estimated 20 - 40million dead)
- They were not prepared for a country (Opium addictions / lack of experience)
Impact:
- Famine, disease and massacres, along with social disruption, led to a sharp decline in population
- Trade routes were disrupted (Merchants in Shanxi and Huizhou are less prominent)
- Han Chinese gained higher social status
- Start of local smaller arm forces [precedent for warlords]
- Inspired later revolution

9: Early modernization and imperial decline in East Asia (1860–1912
Tongzhi restoration and Self-Strengthening Movement (1861–1894); Cixi
Cause: Western Imperialism / desire for western science and technology / Prince Gong’s initiation
Coup of 1861 - Death of Emperor Xianfeng [Prince Gong & Cixi take power]

Important personnel:
Zeng Guofan / Zuo Zongtang / Li Hongzhang
- suppressed the Taiping Rebellion
- “To Learn the Superior Techniques of the barbarians to control the barbarians”
Limitations:
- Lack of Central Coordination: 1)Decline in central power 2)Regional rival 3)Achievements became
foundations of personal power
- Limited Vision: 1)Isolated modernization initiatives 2)No cohesive plan 3)Lacked popular participation
4)Disdain of merchant
- Shortage of bureaucratic & private capital
- Foreign Imperialism (Funds: military + indemnities, Foreign business in China outcompete)
- Lack of technical expertise
- Bureaucracy & Corruption
- Inertia - Conservatism
Achievements:
- opened modern schools [Send students abroad]
- established the Zongli Yamen - department of foreign affairs
- built small-arms factories
- set up the Tongwen Guan - foreign language institute
- new technologies of communication and transportation (telegraphs and railroads)
- Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang successful developments in shipbuilding, armament production and
maritime customs services.
- Communication between Qing and foreign powers

Impact of defeat in the Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895); Guangxu and the
Hundred Days’ Reform (1898)

)

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