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IB HL biology photosynthesis and respiration
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It covers topic 2.8 and 8.2 for IBDP level biology higher level.
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GBBBBB 8132313878000By Arathi Anand
2. 8,8 :
2
glycolysis
Krebs agile
Electron transport chain
chemissmosis
, Topic 2.8 Cell Respiration
-
⇒ controlled release of energy from
organic compounds in cells to form ATP
① Lf ⑤ ④ Wf
.
o
organic compounds from the food we eat such as glucose contain
stored within their covalent bonds
energy .
°
All living organisms carry out cell respiration in order to convert
stored energy into a form that can be used
by the cell .
When organic molecules are broken down the
energy formed is
°
,
eventually stored in a high energy molecule called ATP .
° Cell respiration is the controlled release of from organic
energy
compounds in cells to
produce ATP .
① WOOD ⑥ ③ BG
° Alcohol fermentation ( for yeasts and plants) :
irreversible
→ ethanol t
coz
pyruvate
0 make breads , make alcohol , make biofuel
Application :
0 Lactic acid fermentation (for human and some
bacteria :
pyruvate ¥9 lactic acid
, lactic acid bacteria make yogurts
° Glucose (GC ) is broken down into 2 pyruvate ( 3C) in the cytoplasm
There is a net
0
gain of 2 ATP molecules
0
Glycolysis does require oxygen
not
o Anaerobic respiration ( without oxygen ) occurs in the cytoplasm
°
During glo cloysis , glucose is convened to pyruvate , if no oxygen is available
pyruvate is further converted in to lactate or ethanol depending on
organism
the .
° When no oxygen is available, humans convert pyruvate into lactate with
no further ATP
gain of .
°
because like pyruvate , lactate is also a 3 carbon molecule
NO CO2 is produced .
° In
yeast and plants , pyruvate is converted into ethanol (2C) and carbon
dioxide with no further yield of ATP .
° Ethanol and CO2
are excreted as waste products .
NET ATP GAIN : z
⑨B ⑥ ③ 2) G
°
respiration also begins with glycolysis
Aerobic which produces 2 pyruvate
molecules per glucose .
° Aerobic
respiration occurs in the mitochondria .
0 Aerobic is much more efficient than anaerobic respiration as the glucose molecule is fully
oxidized
° The products created in the redox reactions of the kerb 's cycle , plus oxygen
(terminal electron acceptor) will produce large quantities of ATP
through oxidative
phosphorylation ( phosphate added to ADP to form ATP ) in the ETC , with water
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