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Arguments and Validity: Eight (8) Rules of Syllogism in Categorical Logic CA$10.66   Add to cart
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Arguments and Validity: Eight (8) Rules of Syllogism in Categorical Logic

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  • Course
  • Categorical Logic
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  • Silliman University

This lecture notes discusses the eight (8) rules of syllogism and how they are used in determining the validity of arguments in categorical logic.

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  • July 13, 2021
  • 8
  • 2020/2021
  • Class notes
  • Nick
  • All classes

Subjects

  • 8 rules of syllogism
  • arguments and validity eight 8 rules of syllogism in categorical logic
  • eight rules of syllogism and validity of arguments

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  • Silliman University
  • Categorical Logic
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Arguments and Validity: Eight (8) Rules of Syllogism in Categorical Logic



An argument consists of two or more propositions offered as evidence for another
proposition. In logic and critical thinking, the propositions that are offered as evidence
in the argument are called the premises, while the proposition for which the evidence is
offered is called the conclusion. Thus, when one gives an argument, one is providing a
set of premises as reasons for accepting his or her conclusion. It is important to note
that when one gives an argument, one does not necessarily attack or criticize the other.
In this way, an argument can also be viewed as a support of someone’s viewpoint.



Types of Arguments

Arguments can either be inductive or deductive. On the one hand, an inductive
argument is one in which it is claimed that if the premises are true, then it is probable
that the conclusion is true. Hence, even if all of the premises are true, inductive
argument or reasoning allows the conclusion to be false. It is also important to note that
inductive arguments go from the specific (or particular) to the general. In other words,
inductive arguments make broad generalizations from specific observations. Consider
the example below.

Example 1:

Ninety percent of the mongo seeds germinate in day 1.
And in day 2, ninety percent of the mongo seeds germinate.
Therefore, ninety percent of the mongo seeds germinate.

Based on the example above, we can also say that inductive arguments are based on
observations or experiments.

Deductive arguments, on the other hand, is one in which it is claimed that if the
premises are true, then the conclusion is necessarily true. And unlike inductive
arguments, deductive arguments proceed from the general to the particular. Thus, a
deductive argument or reasoning begins with a general statement or hypothesis and
then “examines the possibilities to reach a specific, logical conclusion”.

, Let us consider the example below.

Example 2:

Anybody who kills a person is guilty of a felony.
Jim kills Jack.
Therefore, Jim is guilty of a felony.



Syllogisms

Syllogisms are arguments which consist of three propositions which are so related so
that when the first two propositions (that is, premises) are posited as true the third
proposition (that is, the conclusion) must also be true. In other words, a syllogism is an
argument arranged in a specific manner in such a way that it contains a major premise,
minor premise, and a conclusion. Consider the classic example of a categorical syllogism
below.

Example 1:

All men are mortal.
Socrates is a man.
Therefore, Socrates is mortal.

How do we determine the major premise, minor premise, and the conclusion?

The major premise is the premise that contains the major term, while the minor premise
is the premise that contains the minor term. The conclusion is the third proposition
whose meaning and truth are implied in the premises.

How do we determine the major term, minor term, and the middle term?

The major term is the predicate of the conclusion, while the minor term is the subject of
the conclusion. The middle term is the remaining term which does not (and cannot)
appear in the conclusion.

If we look at the example above, then we know that the major term is “mortal” because
it is the predicate of the conclusion and the minor term is “Socrates” because it is the
subject of the conclusion. The middle term is “man” or “men” because it is the
remaining term and which does not appear in the conclusion. As we can see in the

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