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Categorical Statements in Traditional Logic
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This lecture discusses the meaning and different types of categorical statements in traditional logic or categorical logic.
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Categorical Statements in Traditional LogicA categorical statement in categorical logic is a statement or proposition that asserts or
denies something without qualification. It is a statement or proposition that is not
hypothetical. Aristotle divided the categorical statement into two, namely, the subject
class and the predicate class.
There are four interpretations in which these two classes can be related to one another.
Only four types of propositions must be translated into one of these types, namely:
1) Every member of one class is also a member of the other class;
2) No member of one class is a member of another class;
3) Some members of one class are also members of another class; and
4) Some members of one class are not members of another class.
A standard way of writing these four types of propositions to illustrate their relationship
is as follows:
1) All men are mortal.
2) No men are mortal.
3) Some men are mortal.
4) Some men are not mortal.
The four categorical statements or propositions above suggest the inclusion or
exclusion of one class (subject class) in the other class (predicate class). If it affirms the
inclusion of the subject class in the predicate class, it is called an affirmative statement.
If it denies the inclusion of the subject class in the predicate class, it is called a negative
statement. Furthermore, it the suggestion is total inclusion, it is a universal affirmative
statement; if total exclusion, then it is a universal negative statement. If it means only
partial inclusion, then it is called a particular affirmative statement; if partial exclusion,
it is called a particular negative statement.
Thus, going back to the examples above, we can say that the first categorical statement
is universal affirmative because it suggests the total inclusion of the subject class “men”
in the predicate class “mortal”. The second example is universal negative because it
suggests a total exclusion of the subject class “men” in the predicate class “mortal”. The
third example is particular affirmative because it suggests partial inclusion of the subject
class “men” in the predicate class “mortal”. And the last example is particular negative
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