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LING201 - Summary of all content

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Course
Introduction to Linguistics (LING201)

Institution
McGill University (Mcgillu)

Summary of all LING201 notes. Includes introduction, phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics. All necessary information for midterm or final review.

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LING 201 - Review

I. Introduction:
- Linguistics = the study of human language, including sounds, structures, comparisons,
learning, processing, influences on language, etc.
- Grammar = The mental system that allows us to form and interpret both familiar and
novel utterances (learned through parents, school, etc).
- All linguistics agree on 5 principles; generality, parity, universality, mutability,
inaccessibility.

II. Phonetics:
- Phonetics is divided into three branches; articulatory, acoustic, perceptual.
- International phonetic alphabet (IPA) = symbols that correspond to sounds, used for
phonetic transcriptions.
- Chain of speech production: lungs → larynx (vocal folds) → filters.
- Lungs → egressive airflow (air expelled out) or ingressive (air inhaled in).
- Larynx → voiced (vocal folds together), voiceless (vocal folds apart), murmur
(vocal folds partially open), creaky (vocal folds compressed).
- Speech segment = division of words into individual sounds, also called phones.
- Syllable (σ) = peak in sonority surrounded by less sonorous segments.
- Rhyme = composed of a nucleus and coda.
- Nucleus = Obligatory head of the syllable (usually a vowel).
- In English, /n, l, ɹ/ can all be the nucleus (e.g. apple [æpl|]).
- Onset = optional pre-nuclear consonant.
- Coda = post-nuclear consonant.
E.g. /plej/, /kræft/, /ow.ഽn/
- Consonants are defined by voicing (position of the vocal folds), place of articulation
(where) and manner of articulation (how).
- E.g. [p] is a voiceless bilabial stop.
- Places of articulation (English).
- Bilabial: Both lips (e.g. [p], [b]).
- Labiodental: Bottom lip + teeth (e.g. [f], [v]).
- Interdental: Tongue placed between teeth (e.g. [θ], [ð]).
- Alveolar: Small ridge behind upper front teeth (e.g. [t], [d], [n], [s], [z], [l]).
- Alveopalatal: Behind alveolar (e.g. [j], [t͡ʃ], [ഽ]).
- Velar: Soft area, rear of the roof of the mouth (e.g. [k], [g], [w], [ŋ]).
- Glottal: Sounds produced in vocal folds (e.g. [h]).
- Manners of articulation (in English).

, - Stops (plosives): Stopping airflow, blocked oral airflow, short turbulent release
(eg. p, b, t, d, k, g, ʔ)
- Fricatives: Constricting airflow to create turbulent noises.
- Affricatives = stop + fricative in fast succession (stop with slow release).
- e.g. [t͡ʃ], [d͡ʒ]
- Sibilants (strident) = noisy airstream goes through a narrow channel and
hits the teeth.
- eg. [s], [z], [ʒ], [ഽ]
- Non-sibilant (non-strident) = quieter.
- e.g. [θ], [f], [v]
- Approximants: Dramatically changing the oral cavity resonator, liquid + glides.
- Laterals: Constricting flow but air goes around the sides of the tongue
(e.g. [l]).
- Nasals: Oral stop (velum is lowered) + diversion of airflow to the nasal cavity
(e.g. [m], [n], [ŋ]).
- Glides: Further constricting a vowel (e.g. [j], [w]).
- Speech sounds are divided into obstruents (obstructed airflow-- stops, fricatives,
affricatives) and sonorants (continuous/non-turbulent airflow-- approximants, laterals,
glides, nasals).

Horizontal = place of articulation, Vertical = manner of articulation, Left/Right = voiceless/voiced.

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