Summary

Summary Introductory Psychology I - SEMESTER NOTES

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Course
Introductory Psychology I (PSYU911)

Institution
The University Of Stirling (UoS)

Book
Psychology

Summary of Introductory Psychology I. Given by Dr. Elaine Cameron at The University of Stirling in the autumn semester of 2020. Based on the lectures, the book, and the seminars. Notes are organized by topic in order of teaching. Written by Bea Lume Nunes. Note: I passed with a first using these no...

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Summarized whole book? Yes
Uploaded on October 16, 2021
Number of pages 41
Written in 2020/2021
Type Summary

psychology
memory
thinking
reasoning
brain
behaviour
child development
research methods
learning
intelligence
personality
conditioning

Book Title:Psychology

Author(s):Bruce Hood, Daniel L. Schacter

Edition:november 2015
ISBN:9781137406743
Edition:1

Class notes
Chapter 8 Lecture Notes Psychology 1200
Summary
Experimental Psychology, Full Summary, English
Summary
Complete summary of Experimental Psychology

Institution
The University of Stirling (UoS)
Education
The University of Stirling
Course
Introductory Psychology I (PSYU911)

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, Table of Contents
Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................................... 1

Learning ......................................................................................................................................................... 3
Classical Conditioning ........................................................................................................................................ 3
Extinction ...................................................................................................................................................... 3
Operant Conditioning ........................................................................................................................................ 4
The natural elements of operant conditioning ............................................................................................. 4
The cognitive elements of operant conditioning .......................................................................................... 5
Acquisition of Operant Responses ................................................................................................................ 5

Research Methods ......................................................................................................................................... 6
Psychology: An Empirical Science ...................................................................................................................... 6
Linking Variables ................................................................................................................................................ 6
The Shape of Variables ...................................................................................................................................... 6
Describing Distributions ................................................................................................................................ 7
Sampling and Hypothesis .............................................................................................................................. 7

Memory ......................................................................................................................................................... 8
Remembering..................................................................................................................................................... 8
Forgetting ........................................................................................................................................................ 10
Metamemory ................................................................................................................................................... 11

Thinking and Reasoning ............................................................................................................................... 12
Judging, Valuing and Deciding ......................................................................................................................... 12
Vocabulary .................................................................................................................................................. 13
Problem Solving ............................................................................................................................................... 13
Transforming Information ............................................................................................................................... 14
Belief Bias .................................................................................................................................................... 14
Thinking ........................................................................................................................................................... 14
Reasoning ........................................................................................................................................................ 14

Brain & Behaviour........................................................................................................................................ 15
Neurons: The Origin of Behaviour .................................................................................................................... 15
The Electrochemical Actions of Neurons .......................................................................................................... 16
Chemical Signalling ..................................................................................................................................... 16
The Organization of the Nervous System......................................................................................................... 17
Evolution and Development of Nervous Systems ............................................................................................. 19
Investigating the Brain..................................................................................................................................... 19
Eating ............................................................................................................................................................... 20
Sleeping ........................................................................................................................................................... 21
Dreaming ......................................................................................................................................................... 22
Feeling Good .................................................................................................................................................... 22

Bea Lume Nunes | PSYU911/01 ‘20-‘21 1

, Individual Differences .................................................................................................................................. 22
Intelligence ...................................................................................................................................................... 22
Measuring Intelligence................................................................................................................................ 22
The Nature & Origins of Intelligence........................................................................................................... 23
Cognitive Bases ........................................................................................................................................... 24
The Future of Intelligence ........................................................................................................................... 25
Personality ....................................................................................................................................................... 25
Trait Approach ............................................................................................................................................ 26
Psychodynamic Approach ........................................................................................................................... 29
Humanistic-Existential Approach ................................................................................................................ 31
Sociocultural Approach ............................................................................................................................... 31
The Self ....................................................................................................................................................... 32

Child Development ...................................................................................................................................... 33
Nature vs Nurture ............................................................................................................................................ 33
Prenatal Development ................................................................................................................................ 33
Postnatal Life .............................................................................................................................................. 34
Piaget’s vs Vygotsky......................................................................................................................................... 35
Social Development ......................................................................................................................................... 36
Attachment ................................................................................................................................................. 37
Self-Recognition and Control ...................................................................................................................... 38
Moral Development ......................................................................................................................................... 39

Bea Lume Nunes | PSYU911/01 ‘20-‘21 2

, Learning
Pavlov's (1902) experiment
Pavlov conditioned a dog to salivate when presented with a tuning fork through conditioning. First
presented only food, then tuning fork and food, until the dog responded to just the fork alone.

Watson – Little Albert
Watson and Rayner performed a controversial study on 'Little Albert'. While Albert was watching
Payner, Watson struck a large steel bar with a hammer, producing a loud noise. The US (loud sound)
was paired with a CS (rat) such that the CS was sufficient to produce the CR (fear).

What does the 'Law of Effect' intend?
The principle that behaviours that are followed by a satisfying situation tend to be repeated and
those that produce an unpleasant state of affairs are less likely to be repeated

Habituation - A general process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus, results in a
gradual reduction in responding

Shaping - Learning that results from the reinforcement of successive approximations to a final desired
behaviour

Classical Conditioning
When a stimulus evokes a response because of being paired with a stimulus that naturally evokes a
response
What are the 4 basic elements of classical conditioning?
• Unconditioned Stimulus (US) - Something that reliably produces a naturally occurring
reaction in an organism
• Unconditioned Response (UR) - A reflexive reaction that is reliably elicited by an
unconditioned stimulus
• Conditioned Stimulus (CS) - A stimulus that at first does not produce the response that is
eventually conditioned by pairing with an unconditioned stimulus
• Conditioned Response (CR) - A reaction to a conditioned stimulus produces by pairing it with
an unconditioned stimulus

What would we expect during the acquisition phase?
The phase of classical conditioning when the CS (Conditioned Stimulus) and the US (Unconditioned
Stimulus) are presented together. Acquisition occurs during the initial phase when there is a gradual
increase in learning (gradually increased amount of salivation over several trials)
Acquisition - The phase of classical conditioning when the CS and the US are presented together

When should the CS be presented in connection with the US?
The CS should be presented shortly before the US (depending on type of stimulus)

Second-Order Conditioning - Conditioning where the US is a stimulus that acquired its ability to
produce learning from an earlier procedure in which it was used at the CS

Extinction
Why does extinction occur?
When the CS is presented without the US, it leads the behaviour to decline abruptly and continues
to drop until the CR is no longer observed (does not mean its forgotten).
Extinction: The gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the CS is no longer
followed by the US

Bea Lume Nunes | PSYU911/01 ‘20-‘21 3

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