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Summary The Autonomic Nervous System Review
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An easy-to-follow complete review of the human autonomic nervous system. Explains each concept in detail, step-by-step. This review guide will help you focus on what is important to learn for midterm and final exams.

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  • October 25, 2021
  • 3
  • 2021/2022
  • Summary

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THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a portion of the peripheral nervous system that serves
smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands and adipose tissue (involuntary). Its major function is to
control visceral functions (regulating heartbeat, smooth muscle contraction, glandular
secretions) to maintain homeostasis. The central integrative center for the ANS is the
hypothalamus, and it operates at a subconscious level (you aren’t aware these things are
happening).


DIVISIONS OF THE ANS

There are 2 motor neurons in the efferent motor pathway:

 Preganglionic neurons – cell bodies are in the CNS and the axons enter autonomic
ganglia
o Ganglions are collection of cell bodies in the PNS; in the sympathetic division
most are located adjacent to the spinal cord in the sympathetic chain ganglia
(paravertebral ganglia); in the parasympathetic they are distributed throughout
the body and often located near the organs they serve
 Ganglionic neurons (postganglionic neurons) – cell bodies are in the autonomic ganglia
and the axons go to cardiac/smooth muscle, glands or adipose tissue




ORGANIZATION OF THE SYMPATHETIC (THORACOLUMBAR) DIVISION

 cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons are found in the lateral horn of the spinal
segments T1-L2
 preganglionic fibers exit the ventral root through the ramus communicates into the
sympathetic chain ** preganglionic fibers are usually very short while postganglionic are
very long
 Rami communicans
o white rami – contains axons of preganglionic fibers and visceral sensory axons

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