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Summary The Brain and Cranial Nerves Review

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An easy-to-follow complete review of the brain and cranial nerves. Explains each concept in detail, step-by-step. This review guide will help you focus on what is important to learn for midterm and final exams.

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  • October 25, 2021
  • 10
  • 2021/2022
  • Summary

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THE BRAIN AND THE CRANIAL NERVES

CRANIAL MENINGES

 The cranial meninges are CT coverings of the brain, continuous with the meninges of the
spinal cord

DURA MATER
 Tough fibrous outer layer = periosteal layer which is fused with the periosteum of the
cranial bones ** no epidural space in skull
 Sub dural space that contains blood vessels and venous sinuses
 Inner meningeal layer that forms dural folds which stabilize the brain, and contain dural
sinuses to drain blood and excess CSF away from the brain
o Falx Cerebri: b/w the cerebral hemispheres in longitudinal fissure, contains the
superior and inferior sagittal sinuses
o Tentorium cerebelli: separates cerebrum from cerebellum, horizontal plane
o Falx cerebelli: separates cerebellar hemispheres, inferior to tentorium cerebelli
ARACHNOID LAYER
 Does not dip into surface of brain but covers it, looks like a spider web from the
connections to the pia mater
 Subarachnoid space: contains CSF, continuous with subarachnoid space of spinal cord
PIA MATER
 Adheres to the astrocytes on the surface of the brain, follows every brain contour
 If you tried to remove this, you would cause damage to the surface of the brain


VENTRICLES
LATERAL VENTRICLES
 Two C shaped chambers, one in each hemisphere
 Separated by septum pellucidum
 Interventricular foramen: channel that connects the lateral ventricles to the 3 rd ventricle
RD
3 VENTRICLE
 Located b/w the two thalami in the center of the diencephalon
 Aqueduct: connects 3rd to 4th ventricle
th
4 VENTRICLE
 Sits b/w the surface of the pons and the medulla oblongata, and the cerebellum
 Continues on into the spinal cord as the central canal
 Has apertures that open up into the subarachnoid space if its going to take that route

CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF)

,  Surrounds and protects the neural tissues of the CNS
 Transports nutrients and waste through diffusion across ependymal walls
 Produced by the choroid plexus, which are capillaries covered in ependymal cells
 Path of CSF circulation:
o Lateral ventricles  interventricular foramen  third ventricle  cerebral
aqueduct  fourth ventricle  1) continues into central canal of spinal cord or
2) leaves the roof of the fourth through medial and lateral apertures to enter the
subarachnoid space and circulate the brain/spinal cord
 Arachnoid villi (granulations): help drain the excess CSF from the subarachnoid space by
allowing it to enter the dural sinuses



BRAINSTEM

MEDULLA OBLONGATA
 Communication b/w brain and spinal cord passes through
 Coordination of complex autonomic reflexes that control visceral functions
 Contain tracts that connect the spinal cord to higher brain regions
o Pyramids: descending motor tracts that carry out our conscious control of our
skeletal muscles from the cerebral cortex **CORTICOSPINAL TRACTS d
o Olive: relays info from the red nucleus
 Autonomic reflex centers: subconscious control of function that we don’t have to think
about (ie in the viscera)
o Cardiac – controls HR and contraction
o Vasomotor – controls blood vessel diameter
o Respiratory rhythmicity – controls respiration
 Nucleus gracilis and cuneatus: relay for somatic sensory information ascending the
spinal cord in the dorsal columns
 Nuclei for cranial nerves VII, IX, X, XI, XII
PONS
 Relay centers for the cerebellum
 Contains higher respiratory centers (that can exert influence over the respiratory
centers found in the MO)
 Reticular formation: contains the RAS which controls our levels of consciousness by
getting input from the ears/eyes/senses
MIDBRAIN
 Reticular activating system (RAS) continues up from the pons into this area
 Corpora quadrigemina: consists of the superior colliculi (visual relay centers) and
inferior colliculi (auditory relay centers)
 Red nucleus: involved in subconscious control of upper limb muscles (tone, posture etc)
o Gives rise to rubrospinal motor tract
 Substantia nigra: nuclei that regulate the activity of the basal nuclei

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