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  7. NURS 1002: Anatomy and Physiology I (NURS1002)

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Summary The Endocrine System Review

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An easy-to-follow complete review of the human endocrine system. Explains each concept in detail, step-by-step. This review guide will help you focus on what is important to learn for midterm and final exams.

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  • October 25, 2021
  • 9
  • 2021/2022
  • Summary

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THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
 Hormones – chemicals circulated in the blood or lymphatic fluids that affect the activity
of another tissue elsewhere in the body
o Paracrine factors are similar but the affects are generally limited to local area
where they are released
o Neuroendocrine secretions are similar but they are released from synaptic
terminals instead of endocrine glands
 Endocrine gland is an organ who’s primary function is to produce and release hormones




HORMONE CLASSIFICATION

Structural:

, HORMONE CLASSIFICATION
 Lipid derived – non water soluble
o Steroid hormones (derived from cholesterol)
 Produced by gonads, adrenal gland
 Ex: cortisol, aldosterone, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone
o Eicosanoids (mostly paracrine factors) that are derived from arachidonic acid
 ex: leukotrienes, prostaglandins
o Require a carrier protein to transport them in the blood as they are not water
soluble
o Latency = around 60-90 minutes
o Have intracellular receptors
o Bind to receptors that can alter the rate of DNA transcription = alter protein
synthesis
o Take longer to affect cel function b/w they require time for production of new
proteins
 Non-lipid derived (non steroid) – water soluble
o Amino acid derivative – derived from either tyrosine or tryptophan n
o Peptide and protein – short or long chains of amino acids
o Glycoprotein – protein hormones with carbohydrate groups attached
o Mostly produced by the hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal gland, thyroid, pancreas
and parathyroid gland
o Receptors found usually on cell surface (b/w they cannot get through the PM)
o Only activate existing hormones
o Latency around 1 minute


PRINCIPLES OF HORMONE ACTION
HORMONES THAT BIND SURFACE RECEPTORS

 Usually referred to as “first messenger”
 The intracellular events triggered by these hormones usually involve the production of
an intracellular compound to carry out the hormone’s action
o Secondary messenger – most common is cAMP and calcium ions
 Hormone-receptor complex is often linked to a G-protein on the inside of
the cell membrane; some of them activate or inhibit adenylate cyclase
which converts ATP to cAMP, at which point the cAMP activates other
enzymes or opens ion channels

HORMONES THAT ENTER THE CELL

 Can physically pass through the PM to interact with receptors inside the cell

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