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Class notes Introduction to Anatomy (ANAT100)

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Comprehensive class notes for ANAT 100

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  • November 30, 2021
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  • 2020/2021
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The four areas of Anatomy
- Histology (Microscopic features)
- Gross Anatomy (Macroscopic features)
- Neuroanatomy
- Embryology




Structure of the human body
Structure drives function at every level of the body. From smallest to largest they are:

1. Chemical
2. Cellular
3. Tissue
4. Organ
5. Organ System
6. Organism
There are two main parts of the body:

- Axial; The main body. Includes all major organs and runs straight through the middle of the body
- Appendicular; The four limbs attached to the axial region (Arms and legs)

Language of Anatomy
Universal anatomical position is defined as:

- Standing upright
- Feet parallel and on the floor
- Head level looking forward
- Arms at sides
- Palms forward and thumbs out
Directional terms:

These terms are relative to the point of the body you are describing

- Superior (Above/Towards the head)
- Inferior (Below/Towards the ground)
- Anterior/Ventral (Towards the front)
- Posterior/Dorsal (Towards the back)
- Medial (Towards the centre of the body)
- Lateral (Away from the centre of the body)
- Proximal (Closer to the origin)

, - Distal (Away from the origin)
- Superficial (Shallow/Closer to the surface)
- Deep (Deep/Farther from the surface)
- Parietal (Connective tissue/Muscles)
- Visceral (Tissue lining the outside of organs
Planes of the body:

- Sagittal (Divides body into left and right)
- Coronal (Divides body into front and back
- Horizontal (Divides body into up and down)
- Oblique (Divides body at an angle)
- Longitudinal (A plane perpendicular to the horizontal plane)
Quadrants:

The Abdominal and pelvic categories can be divided into quadrants. These quadrants are based on the
position of the body, not the observer.

Organ Systems
- Integumentary (Skin)
- Skeletal (Bones and joints)
- Muscular (Muscles)
- Nervous (Brain, Spinal cord and nerves)
- Endocrine (Glands for hormones)
- Digestive (Mouth, Stomach, Intestines)
- Respiratory (Trachea, Lungs)
- Cardiovascular (Heart, Veins and arteries)
- Lymphatic (Vessels for immune responses)
- Urinary (Kidney, Bladder, and Urethra)
- Reproductive System (Genitals)



Body Cavities

There are distinct spaces where these organs are contained, known as body cavities:
Dorsal (Back)

1. Cranial (Houses the brain)
2. Vertebral (Houses the spinal cord)



Ventral (Front)

1. Thoracic (Above diaphragm)

, - Superior mediastinum (Esophagus and trachea) Protected by the sternum
- Pericardial (Heart)
- Pleural X2 (Each contains a lung)

2. Abdomino-pelvic (Below diaphragm)
- Abdominal (Contains digestive system)
- Pelvic (Contains Urinary and reproductive systems)




Basic Tissue
There are four basic tissues in the human body:

- Epithelial
- Connective
- Nervous
- Muscular




Epithelial tissue
- Made of side by side cells with very little in between

- There are two types:
1. Covering epithelium: Covers external and internal surfaces
2. Glandular Epithelium: Cells that produce and secrete product (Hormones, Sweat)

- Epithelial cells are renewed constantly

- They are joined by specialized junctions:
1. Tight Junctions
2. Adhering Junctions
3. Desmosomes
4. Gap Junctions

- Cells have and outward facing side and inward facing side (Apical and Basal)
- Epithelial cells are attached to the basal lamina
- They have no direct contact with blood vessels. They receive nutrients from underlying tissues
Functions of epithelial tissue

- Support and protection
- Permeability

, - Sensation
- Secretion



Classification of epithelial tissue

1. Cell organisation
- Simple: One row of cells. Simple epithelium is used for absorption/secretion
- Stratified: Multiple rows. Stratified epithelium is used for protection
- Transitional: cells vary in shape and are rounded at the surface. Used for stretching
- Pseudostratified: Single layer of cells suggesting stratification. Typically has cilia for moving
mucous

2. Cell Shape
- Squamous: Thin, flat cells
- Cuboidal: Equal of all sides, nucleus in the middle
- Columnar: Tall, rectangular cells. Nucleus is oval and basal

Cells are named by combining [Cell organisation] [Cell Shape] ex. Simple Squamous




Connective Tissue
Connective tissue is the most widespread and abundant type of tissue in the body. It is the most diverse
type and has 3 main types:

1. Connective tissue proper
2. Supporting Connective tissue
3. Specialized connective tissue
Connective tissue has 5 main functions:

1. Support and protection
2. Structural Framework
3. Medium for exchange
4. Storage and repair
5. Defense
Components of connective tissue:

- Cells: CTs contain many different types of cells. Some are permanent residents (Fibroblasts) and
some are wandering and pass through the tissue
- Fibres: Made of proteins formed by long peptide chains, there are three main fibre types:
1. Collagen fibres
2. Reticular fibres
3. Elastic fibres

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