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AQA A Level History Breadth Study: The Tudors - Mary I Notes

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AQA A Level History Breadth Study: The Tudors - Mary I in-depth notes . Covers all topics under the Mary I part of the course or Mid Tudor Crisis. Topics include: - Mary I Background - Mary I Religion - Mary I Marriage - Mary I Rebellions - Mary I Foreign Policy - Mary I Economic and So...

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  • January 21, 2022
  • 13
  • 2019/2020
  • Class notes
  • -
  • All classes

Subjects

  • mary i
  • edward vi
  • henry viii
  • henry vii
  • tudors
  • government
  • bloody mary
  • elizabeth i
  • aqa
  • history
  • a level

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BACKGROUND
Mary Tudor Background

 Maternal grandparents = Isabelle + Ferdinand of Spain

How had Mary felt when Henry was in power:
 Beginning = happy, mother + father happily married in a Catholic country where she was heir
 Then v unhappy -> mother & her were exiled (CofA more so) and she was declared illegitimate
o She was sent to Hatfield to become a servant to young Elizabeth - daughter of Anne B
who had ruined everything for her
o She saw her mother once in 5 yrs
 Country then became Protestant which worsened things

How had Mary felt under Somerset:
 Somerset was not as extremely protestant - Edward was v young so didn’t have an autonomy
in decision making
 M allowed to practice Mass in private
 Relatively happy (in comparison)

Under Northumberland:
 Much more protestant reform -> pressured into converting herself
 She got support from Charles V
 She was resentful so distrusted English Councilors
 She therefore lent heavily on Simon Renard, the Habsburg's imperial ambassador -> reformers
were fearful of the Habsburgs which prevented them from taking action against Mary
 Unhappy

Priorities/aims for Mary's
 Setting a precedent of strength as 1st female Queen
 Reinstate Catholicism
o Released Stephen Gardiner
o But stays lenient to opponents initially on advice of Charles V
 Only Northumberland + 2 of closest confidants = executed
 Achieve close alliance with Habsburgs - ensure national safety



Key dates
 July 1553 Mary
proclaimed Queen
 Jan 1554 Marriage
Treaty with Spain
 Feb 1554 Wyatt
Rebellion
 July 1554 Mary
married Philip of
Spain
 Jan 1555 Papal
supremacy of Church
restored; Edwardian
reforms abolished
 Feb 1555 First
executions of
Protestant heretics
 Jan 1556 Philip
became King of Spain
 Mar 1556 Execution of

, RELIGION

Upon taking the throne, Mary I (MI) failed to recognise that her country had undergone extreme
religious change for a generation and so altering direction of policy had to be done slowly and
cautiously. Instead she was impatient and interpreted her early support as the people wanting the
return of Catholicism. Dramatic policy reversal & her decision to marry Phillip II turned her
popularity into dislike.

Religious Reform

AIMS:
1. Reinstate traditional Catholicism
 Included traditional services (mass, Black Rubric, Transubstantiation) doctrines and
ornaments into the church
o Provoked by childhood – raised by CofA, devout Catholic
o When H8 broke from Rome MI was horrified + saw it as sinful so was
determined to correct it
2. Regain relationship with Rome
 Re-instate papal supremacy
3. Reclaim Church land

CHANGES IN LEGISLATION:
 October 1553: First Act of Repeal
o Repealled all of E6’s reforms
o Doctrine restored to what it had been at H8’s death – advised not to go further at
this point
 Nov 1554: Heresy laws restored
 Jan 1555: Second Act of Repeal
o MI more confident with Cardinal Pole’s return in 1554 (exiled)
o Abolished all doctrinal legislation passed since 1529
o Included 1534 Act of Supremacy so reinstated papal Supremacy/authority
o Problem: didn’t include return of Church lands + property -> v complex + P used
consistently so MPs had a lot of power over religion – many MPs nobles who gained
the land so wouldn’t want to return it?

PROBLEMS MARY FACED:
Administrative failures:
 Pole’s failures:
o He didn’t give ecclesiastical policy his full attention -> was focussing on seeking
peace between Hapsburgs + French
o His strategy relied on active involvement of Bishops but 6 sees wer left vacant for
most of reign
 The new Pope was anti-Hapsburg
 Government failed to recognise power of propaganda, litereature, printing
o Protestant writings etc outnumbered those that supported Mary’s policies
o Propaganda opportunities werent seized
 Edwardian Bishops were still in their sees until April 1554
o They were driving force reforming clergy
 Pope rejected help of Jesuits in 1555
BUT:
 Some of the factors that Mary struggles with aren't completely in her control

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