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Summary Grade 12 Biology

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  • Course
  • Biology
  • Institution
  • 12th Grade

I have summarised my grade 11 and 12 text books. These notes are in-depth and gives everything you need to know. Read these notes and you will have an in-depth understanding that will allow you to do well in your exams.

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Document information

  • January 31, 2022
  • 36
  • 2021/2022
  • Summary

Subjects

  • pdf notes
  • biology
  • life science
  • grade1112

Written for

  • 12th Grade
  • Biology
  • 200
All documents for this subject (224)

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¥:qÉg%••
Discovery of DNA + RNA Molucles :




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•

Structure was discovered by Watson + Crick in 1953
•


They won the Nobel Prize for their work ☐::•IggG⑨tz@
In 1953 Rosalind Frank helped didn't get Prize




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discover , but died and a nobel



structure of DNA :
Contains ---o←
•


instructions for making proteins from 20 different amino acids

Appears as chromatin when the cell is not dividing
•




•

☐ eo.n.mu#..............n...........n...........m...no...n...
•
Makes up chromosomes in the nucleus
-o--o

Subunits DNA called nucleotides
•

of
•


Nucleotides contains a
phosphate a
Deoxyribose sugar , 1 nitrogen base CAT Cor G)


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, ,




Deoxyribonucleic Acid ( DNA)




µ÷¥.
sugar .




base pairs phosphate
backbone
s carbon sugar - d "" "" "
p ••
A : ::::: T •

A phosphate group
g
, Hydrogen
t••*•A nitrogen base
s
N bas
- bonds
"

5 0 ••••
o : : : : : : cq*



s¥••
,
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Nucleotide •••• T : ::::: A
/-⑥•:&
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,
,



•H
A : ::::: , •
Base Pairing Purine bonds to
••
means a a
s


C
• • • • • .

a Pyrimidine
••••y
* *




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Base pair
g •
Example A : - - T
-
and C - - -


G
single nucleotide
•• G : : : : : :c
, s

BEGGAR S
Nucleotide
¢••

structure DNA :




Steps Containing bases held together by weak hydrogen bonds
•

or
rungs
of DNA made of 4 Nitrogen -




•

Purines (double carbon -


nitrogen rings) include adenine (A) and guanine (G)
•


Pyrimidines (single carbon -

nitrogen rings) includes thymine G) and cytosine (c)




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Weak H bond

, DNA Replication :
Occurs two of original DNA if
•


during Interphase -
makes exact copies the .
not ,
a mutation occurs


1. The double helix unwinds and flattens out

2. An enzyme .
DNA helicase unzips the strand ,
at the weak hydrogen bond this exposes the
Nitrogen bases

3. Free nucleotides in the nucleus bond to the expose bases ,
following the base
pair ruling
-


G -



C and A T Another enzyme DNA
-

.
,
polymerase will be responsible
for recapping the strands


4. The base pairing continues until the entire strand has their complement Whfrf IS DNA FOUND 8
5. Now there are two identical strand of DNA
•
Found in nucleus + cytoplasm
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sugar
Contains the Nitrogen base uracil (v)
•




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good qG@
µqGB% µq☒q%
instead of thymine with U
so a
pairs

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Base pairings are A- U and C G

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qM§§ Three types of RNA exist ( mRNA
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1-124
linkages

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y × y Xy X y y y1 od y , Phosphate
⇐ pg .



group
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DNA only DNA & RNA RNA only ¥9s

0 MHz 0 Ntlz 0
" Acts

g§§g§
Hsc 't' H •
between DNA
Messager

YÉo
as


to
- a
N
II and ribosomes and carries out protein
y to +.

↳ Synthesis
Thyptnine
H
Adenine Guanine
cytosine uracil •
DNA is too
large to
get out of the

nucleus RNA to it's
Uses bring
o§¥É
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.




-04° ppl
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city the for

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to the rest of cell
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,
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Protein synthesis
-
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oh

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Phosphate OH OH
2-
Deoxyribose Ribose



3. Life at Molecular ,
Cellular and tissue level → DNA .
the code to life Two nucleic Acids are :




1. Deoxy ribonucleic Acid ( DNA)
"

2nudeiAidRNA
" "

Molecules
"
W of life
Nucleic acids called or Most extraordinary molecules on Earth

Control
•


Cellular Activity

Development
•




of organisms
" "
↳
Done by Controlling the synthesis of Proteins


first step making Proteins
•




"
"
W Proteins make up structures , ENZYMES
much are proteins

Controlling Chemical Processes
•



inside cell

↳ Thus , control structure + Functioning of all Living organisms




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war

q .pewww.T.mgak
BOB qq.rq-qqqqq.A-F.a.ee code of life µ•a•a qµgµ
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Proteins
F
Controlling synthesis of


Enzymes
'
f o
control
making up chemical
structure of processes inside
body cells

to stores info that controls cellular activity t development of
entire
organisms
W Controls structures 1-
functioning
of
living organisms
•
Genetic replication

DNA Replication Base Pairing : A = T
C =
6
*

¥y••
If 2 strands separate
B-•
yq each would serve
• = Adenine
as

BBB * LG HB HB B. • mg
a template for a
• •
• =
Thymine
• •


MMB
•
Cytosine
•G
=


Mr
Mqgzq
80
, complementary new chain
Guanine
Replicate)
•

B- GB (ie each strand could
•
.




z•

Francis Crick
Sydney Brenner
1-


•
Triplet code was used in reading genetic material in DNA 1- transferring info from Nucleus
to RNA to
cytoplasm via where Proteins are made


•
In DNA ,
form is function : Double -

stranded molecule could both Produce exact copies of itself

( replicate) 1- Carry genetic instructions
ie
Sequence bases form info be stored and
.
of in DNA a code
by which genetic can


transmitted


where is DNA found ?
•

mainly in the Nucleus of the cell


•
Forms Part of the Chromosomes that make up the
chromatine network


-
Chromatin =
Chromosomal material made up of DNA tRNA
1- histone Proteins found cell
as in a non
dividing
-




•
DNA molecule is coiled so that these long structures
can fit inside the nucleus


•
I 2
metres DNA in a cell

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