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Class notes Life Sciences: Nucleic Acid and DNA-RNA Replication CA$6.32   Add to cart
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Class notes Life Sciences: Nucleic Acid and DNA-RNA Replication

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  • Course
  • Life Sciences
  • Institution
  • 12th Grade

This paper encompasses detailed class notes on Nucleic Acid, The difference between DNA and RNA, functions of the nucleus, types of nucleic acids, chemical structure of RNA and DNA, types of RNA and DNA, Replication of RNA and DNA, DNA sequences in chromosomes, DNA molecule, High order DNA structu...

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Document information

  • February 15, 2022
  • 6
  • 2021/2022
  • Interview
  • Unknown
  • Unknown

Subjects

  • rna and dna replication
  • nucleic acid
  • dna molecule
  • the rna molecule
  • three types of rna
  • chemical structure of rna
  • functions of the nucleus
  • types
  • dna sequences in chromosomes
  • higher order dna structure

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  • 12th Grade
  • Life Sciences
  • 200
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1. Introduction:

The nucleus regulates all life processes in a cell and plays a vital role in hereditary
information. This information is encoded on the genes that originate on the chromosomes.
Each chromosome comprises of DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid). RNA (Ribose nucleic acid)
is located within the nucleus and also the cell cytoplasm. Genetic information makes each
organism distinctive.

2. Functions of the nucleus
 Controls cell metabolism
 Responsible for cell division
 Controls protein synthesis
 Controls the production of RNA
 Responsible for the transfer of hereditary characteristics.


3. Nucleic acids

Nucleic acids play a role in the regulation and transmission of hereditary characteristics and
the structure of proteins that are produced in the course of protein synthesis. Each individual
organism comprises of proteins that are distinctive to merely that organism. This is why
organs are not merely removed from one organism to another. If the proteins are not
analogous, then the body will reject the organ. This is why organ transplants show the
greatest success between siblings (brothers and sisters). The closest a parent can be to their
offspring is 50% because each offspring is a combination of 50% male parent and 50%
female parent.

There are two types of nucleic acids;

 DNA - deoxyribose nucleic acid and
 RNA - ribose nucleic acid.

DNA is found in the threadlike chromosomes and RNA is found mainly in the nucleolus and
the cytoplasm. DNA strands contain active sections called genes.

4. Structure

Each nucleic acid consists of a number of basic building blocks called nucleotides. Each
nucleotide consists of three parts:

,  1 phosphate ion
 1 pentose sugar
 1 nitrogenous base

Nitrogenous bases are divided into two complementary groups:

 Purines:
 Pyrimidines:

DNA forms a double strand where purines will only bond with pyrimidines. DNA contains
Thymine and RNA contains Uracil instead of thymine. The other nitrogenous bases are found
in both DNA and RNA. A back bone of phosphates and pentose sugars join to the
nitrogenous bases, resulting in a long chain. The nitrogenous bases are attached to each of the
pentose sugars.

5. The DNA molecule

The DNA molecule is a double helix (twisted) strand. The four nitrogenous bases can be
arranged in any order with a purine attached to a pyrimidine. The combination of nitrogenous
bases is the code system for the messages from the DNA. A weak hydrogen bond holds the
complementary nitrogenous bases together. This occurs as follows:

 Adenine always only joins to Thymine
 Guanine always only joins to Cytosine

Special DNA sequences exist in each chromosome

 replication origins – multiple locations where the replication machinery first binds to
start replication
 centromere – center “pinch point” of a chromosome that allows one copy of each to
be pulled apart into two daughter cells during division
 telomere – specialized sequences at the chromosomes end that facilitate replication
there

Higher-order DNA structure

 How do cells efficiently store very long chains of DNA?
 DNA wraps around protein “spools” to form nucleosomes

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