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Chamberlain College of Nursing: NR507 Midterm Exam Study Guide (Latest-2022) / NR 507 Midterm Exam Study Guide / NR507 Week 4 Midterm Exam Study Guide: Advanced Pathophysiology | Complete and Latest Guide | CA$22.35   Add to cart
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Chamberlain College of Nursing: NR507 Midterm Exam Study Guide (Latest-2022) / NR 507 Midterm Exam Study Guide / NR507 Week 4 Midterm Exam Study Guide: Advanced Pathophysiology | Complete and Latest Guide |
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Chamberlain College of Nursing: NR507 Midterm Exam Study Guide (Latest-2022) / NR 507 Midterm Exam Study Guide / NR507 Week 4 Midterm Exam Study Guide: Advanced Pathophysiology | Complete and Latest Guide |

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  • February 21, 2022
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,ribonucleic acids (miRNAs &miRs). Human development depends on epigenetics because in

early embryonic development, the cells of the embryo have the potential to become any cell in

the future. These stem cells are said to be pluripotent (capable of giving rise to several different

cell types). Specific DNA nucleotide sequences get modified. Non-genetic or environmental

factors like diet and exposure can lead epigenetics.

Totipotent cells and its ability to differentiate into any type of cell- The embryonic cells that

develop from totipotent stem cells and are precursors to the fundamental tissue layers of the

embryo are classified as pluripotent. A pluripotent stem cell is one that has the potential to

differentiate into any type of human tissue but cannot support the full development of an

organism. Totipotent stem cells are perhaps the most versatile of the stem cell types. As

explained, a totipotent zygote cell is created when a single celled sperm and egg unite. This

totipotent fertilized egg has the potential to give rise to virtually all human cells, such as nerve or

heart. It is during the early cell divisions in embryonic development that more totipotent cells are

produced. Within several days, these totipotent cells divide and create replicas, therefore

producing more totipotent cells. It is after approximately four days that the cells begin to

specialize into pluripotent cells, which can go on to specialize further but can't ever produce an

entire organism as totipotent cells can. Basically, the pluripotent stem cell can do everything the

totipotent one can except for creating an entire organism.They have the ability to become any

cell type in a fully developed human. They have the ability to replicate in unlimited numbers

without losing their total potency. totipotent cells can develop into any cell type, which makes

them ideal for cell and gene therapies as well as tissue engineering for transplants and

replacement of diseased cells. This means that the therapeutic value of totipotent stem cells is

,enormous. By learning about the process of division, we can find out what goes wrong in disease

states and then investigate ways to prevent diseased cell production and division.

Prader-Willi syndrome and Angelman syndromePg 187- Prader-Willi: When deletion is inherited

from the father, imprinting with the affect of a deletion of about 4 million base pairs (Mb) of the

long arm of chromosome 15. Children will exhibit short stature, hypotonia, small hands and feet,

obesity, mild to moderate mental retardation and hypogonadism. Angelman syndrome: When the

same 4 Mb deletion is seen and inherited by the mother- Characterized by severe mental

retardation, seizures, and an ataxic gait. These diseased are seen in about 1 in 15000 live births.

The deletions are the cause of about 70% of the cases of both diseases. This is A CRITICAL

AREA that got deleted.

Cellular Proliferation

5-Azacytidine and the treatment of cancer:5-Azacytidine is a cytosine analog and a potent DNA

methyltransferase inhibitor, previously shown to induce DNA demethylation. Treatment with 5-

Azacytidine is used for patients with higher-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), and for a

subgroup of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia

(CMML) patients. 5- Azactytide has demonstrated promise in the treatment of pancreatic cancer.

The role of inactive MLH1 in the development of some forms of inherited colon cancer:PG186

DNA damage is unrepaired, A major cause of one form of inherited colon cancer (hereditary

nonpolyposis colorectal cancer [HNPCC]) is the methylation of the promoter region of a gene,

MLH1, whose protein product repairs damaged DNA. When MLH1 becomes inactive, DNA

damage accumulates, eventually resulting in colon tumors. Facioscapulohumeral muscular

dystrophy (FSHMD) is associated with the DUX4 gene. Fragile X is associated with the

, cytosine-guanine (CG) dinucleotide. Down regulation of IGF2 is associated with Russell-Silver

syndrome.

Effects of ethanol on neural stem cells ability to differentiate into functional neurons: pg 185

Recent findings indicate that NSCs (specifically, in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and in

the SVC of the anterior lateral ventricles) divide throughout life and give rise to new neurons.

The factors that regulate neurogenesis overlap with those that are altered as alcohol use becomes

alcoholism (e.g., stress, activity, learning, and other unknown environmental and genetic

factors). Although the mechanisms involved are not well understood, it is possible that

modulation of neurogenesis contributes significantly to alcoholic pathology. In animal models,

high doses of alcohol have been shown to disrupt neurogenesis, and may underlie long–term

deficits in hippocampal structure and function. More moderate but chronic alcohol consumption

also affects neurogenesis, suggesting that inhibition of neurogenesis may contribute to the

neurodegeneration associated with chronic alcoholism. Kills and decreases the amount of NSC.

Inflammation as an etiology for cancer-note conditions in which this may occur: infiltrating

immune cells can cause chronic inflammation and therefore create a permissive tumor-

progressing environment. It can precede and initiate malignant changes. PG. 403, 383

Cancer Chapter 12 & 13

In terms of epigenetic modifications, the role of environmental stressors associated with

development of cancer: Pg 403, 413& 472 Environmental stressors hit an Epigenetic mutation

multiple times, it is show that when enough ‗hits‘ happen, cancers develop. Due to

environmental stressors. The malfunction of DNA methylation can lead to cancer. Cancer

progression is due to environmental factors such as tobacco smoke, asbestos, and fine particles in

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