Crim 251 Chapter 3 and 4 Notes
Chapter 3
Chapter Summary
➢ This chapter provided a general orientation to the philosophy, principles, and practice of community policing. Community
policing was compared to the traditional, professional model of police practice, and it was noted that community policing
represents an expansion of the traditional or professional model of police practice rather than a replacement of it. The
emergence of community policing in Ontario was discussed, and the key players in police-community partnerships were
identified.
➢ The discussion also examined the evolution of community policing in Ontario. The move towards community policing
began during the 1970’s, when questions were raised about the effectiveness of traditional police practices. At the time,
the restructuring of Ontario police services also began, with the creation of a number of regional police services.
➢ Today in Ontario, the Police Services Act contains a number of provisions designed to ensure that community policing is
central to all police services; also, the Adequacy and Effectiveness of Police Service Regulation sets out specific
guidelines that police services must follow in implementing the core principles of community policing.
Key Terms
1. Adequate Standards
2. Clearance Rate
3. Community Policing
4. Community Policing Implementation Checklist
5. Intelligence-led Policing
6. Key Players in Community Policing
7. Police Effectiveness
8. The Three P’s (Prevention, Problem Solving, Partnership)
9. The Three R’s (Random Patrol, Rapid Response, Reactive Investigation)
10. Traditional or Professional Model of Policing
11. Watch System
Key Points
❖ The “three R’s” of traditional policing are not generally effective in preventing or responding to crime
❖ Clearance rates alone are not an accurate measure of police effectiveness
❖ Community policing is based on the “three P’s”
❖ Community policing is most accurately viewed as an evolution of the police role rather than as a completely different
model from traditional policing
❖ Community policing includes law enforcement and reactive response to crime and disorder
❖ There are key differences between community policing and traditional policing in terms of the role of the police, how the
effectiveness of the police is assessed, the priorities of the police and the accountability of the police
❖ The specific needs and demands of a community will determine how community policing is implemented
❖ Community policing has been criticized for being soft on crime, as not “real” police work and as nothing new
❖ The move towards community policing began in Ontario during the 1970s when the effectiveness of traditional policing
practice began to be questioned and when regionalization of police services begin in earnest
❖ Ontario can be considered a leading jurisdiction in the implementation of community policing
❖ The Police Services Act provides the framework within which community policing operates in Ontario
❖ The Adequacy and Effectiveness of Police Services Regulations sets out guidelines for police services in relation to
community policing
❖ The key players in community policing are the police service, the police officers, criminal justice agencies and
organizations, volunteers and the community
❖ A smarter approach to police service delivery is being developed called “community-based strategic policing”
Notes
● Three R’s
○ Random Patrol
○ Rapid Response
○ Reactive Investigation
● Traditional Policing
○ Incident Oriented
○ Response Oriented
○ Focused on Limited Analysis
○ Focused on the means rather than the end
● Clearance Rate: The percentage of cases in which an offence has been committed and a suspect identified, regardless
of whether the suspect is ultimately convicted of the crime
, ● Community Policing: A philosophy, management style and organizational strategy centred on police-community
partnerships and problem solving to address problems of crime and social disorder in communities
● The Three P’s
○ Prevention
○ Problem Solving
○ Partnership with the Community
● Elements of Community Policing
○ Police officers > Peace officers
○ Community Consultation
○ Proactive approach
○ Problem-oriented policing strategy
○ Responding to underlying causes of problems
○ Interagency cooperation
○ Police personnel > Information managers
○ Reduce unfounded fears of victimization
○ Career generalists rather than specialists
○ Front line police officers given greater responsibility and autonomy
○ Changed organizational structure (Front-line officers gaining primary importance) versus paramilitary
organizational model
○ Increased Accountability to the community
● Community policing is reactive, proactive and coactive
● Coactive Expectations:
○ Police and the community sharing responsibility
○ Increases understanding
○ Redefines roles and requires constant flexibility
○ Decentralizes and relaxes the traditional model
● Criticisms of Community Policing
○ Too soft of an approach and not real policing
○ Difficult to determine who and what the community is
● Key Players of Community Policing
○ Community Interest Groups
■ Citizen, Media, Associations, Volunteers, Colleges, Families, Churches, Schools, Workplace, Victims
of Crime etc.
○ Police Managers
■ Police Cheifs, managers, public safety, private security
○ Police Officers
■ Police unions or Associations, Rank and File police constables, public safety, private security
○ Elected Officials
■ Municipal-Regional Government
● Mayors, municipal councilors, local boards of police commissioners
■ Provincial Government
● Ministers and provincial departments, police directorates, provincial police commissions
■ Federal Government
● Ministry of Public Safety Canada, Department of Justice of Canada
● Task Force on Policing in Ontario 1974- examined the impact of technology on policing
● Police Service Act
○ Contains a number of provisions designed to integrate community policing into all aspects of policing
○ Requires that the performance of police services be monitored
○ Allows for intervention to correct and perceived deficiencies ins service delivery
● The Adequacy and Effectiveness of Police Services Regulation
○ Adequacy Standards
○ Set out specific guidelines for police services in relation to community policing
● Police Service Divisions
○ Responsible for the ongoing development and improvement of policing throughout the province
● Ontario Private Security and Investigative Services Act
○ 2007
○ Requires all security companies and their personnel be licensed
● Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies (CALEA)
○ Edmonton the first Canadian police service designated to receive the accreditation
○ 1988
Chapter 3
Chapter Summary
➢ This chapter provided a general orientation to the philosophy, principles, and practice of community policing. Community
policing was compared to the traditional, professional model of police practice, and it was noted that community policing
represents an expansion of the traditional or professional model of police practice rather than a replacement of it. The
emergence of community policing in Ontario was discussed, and the key players in police-community partnerships were
identified.
➢ The discussion also examined the evolution of community policing in Ontario. The move towards community policing
began during the 1970’s, when questions were raised about the effectiveness of traditional police practices. At the time,
the restructuring of Ontario police services also began, with the creation of a number of regional police services.
➢ Today in Ontario, the Police Services Act contains a number of provisions designed to ensure that community policing is
central to all police services; also, the Adequacy and Effectiveness of Police Service Regulation sets out specific
guidelines that police services must follow in implementing the core principles of community policing.
Key Terms
1. Adequate Standards
2. Clearance Rate
3. Community Policing
4. Community Policing Implementation Checklist
5. Intelligence-led Policing
6. Key Players in Community Policing
7. Police Effectiveness
8. The Three P’s (Prevention, Problem Solving, Partnership)
9. The Three R’s (Random Patrol, Rapid Response, Reactive Investigation)
10. Traditional or Professional Model of Policing
11. Watch System
Key Points
❖ The “three R’s” of traditional policing are not generally effective in preventing or responding to crime
❖ Clearance rates alone are not an accurate measure of police effectiveness
❖ Community policing is based on the “three P’s”
❖ Community policing is most accurately viewed as an evolution of the police role rather than as a completely different
model from traditional policing
❖ Community policing includes law enforcement and reactive response to crime and disorder
❖ There are key differences between community policing and traditional policing in terms of the role of the police, how the
effectiveness of the police is assessed, the priorities of the police and the accountability of the police
❖ The specific needs and demands of a community will determine how community policing is implemented
❖ Community policing has been criticized for being soft on crime, as not “real” police work and as nothing new
❖ The move towards community policing began in Ontario during the 1970s when the effectiveness of traditional policing
practice began to be questioned and when regionalization of police services begin in earnest
❖ Ontario can be considered a leading jurisdiction in the implementation of community policing
❖ The Police Services Act provides the framework within which community policing operates in Ontario
❖ The Adequacy and Effectiveness of Police Services Regulations sets out guidelines for police services in relation to
community policing
❖ The key players in community policing are the police service, the police officers, criminal justice agencies and
organizations, volunteers and the community
❖ A smarter approach to police service delivery is being developed called “community-based strategic policing”
Notes
● Three R’s
○ Random Patrol
○ Rapid Response
○ Reactive Investigation
● Traditional Policing
○ Incident Oriented
○ Response Oriented
○ Focused on Limited Analysis
○ Focused on the means rather than the end
● Clearance Rate: The percentage of cases in which an offence has been committed and a suspect identified, regardless
of whether the suspect is ultimately convicted of the crime
, ● Community Policing: A philosophy, management style and organizational strategy centred on police-community
partnerships and problem solving to address problems of crime and social disorder in communities
● The Three P’s
○ Prevention
○ Problem Solving
○ Partnership with the Community
● Elements of Community Policing
○ Police officers > Peace officers
○ Community Consultation
○ Proactive approach
○ Problem-oriented policing strategy
○ Responding to underlying causes of problems
○ Interagency cooperation
○ Police personnel > Information managers
○ Reduce unfounded fears of victimization
○ Career generalists rather than specialists
○ Front line police officers given greater responsibility and autonomy
○ Changed organizational structure (Front-line officers gaining primary importance) versus paramilitary
organizational model
○ Increased Accountability to the community
● Community policing is reactive, proactive and coactive
● Coactive Expectations:
○ Police and the community sharing responsibility
○ Increases understanding
○ Redefines roles and requires constant flexibility
○ Decentralizes and relaxes the traditional model
● Criticisms of Community Policing
○ Too soft of an approach and not real policing
○ Difficult to determine who and what the community is
● Key Players of Community Policing
○ Community Interest Groups
■ Citizen, Media, Associations, Volunteers, Colleges, Families, Churches, Schools, Workplace, Victims
of Crime etc.
○ Police Managers
■ Police Cheifs, managers, public safety, private security
○ Police Officers
■ Police unions or Associations, Rank and File police constables, public safety, private security
○ Elected Officials
■ Municipal-Regional Government
● Mayors, municipal councilors, local boards of police commissioners
■ Provincial Government
● Ministers and provincial departments, police directorates, provincial police commissions
■ Federal Government
● Ministry of Public Safety Canada, Department of Justice of Canada
● Task Force on Policing in Ontario 1974- examined the impact of technology on policing
● Police Service Act
○ Contains a number of provisions designed to integrate community policing into all aspects of policing
○ Requires that the performance of police services be monitored
○ Allows for intervention to correct and perceived deficiencies ins service delivery
● The Adequacy and Effectiveness of Police Services Regulation
○ Adequacy Standards
○ Set out specific guidelines for police services in relation to community policing
● Police Service Divisions
○ Responsible for the ongoing development and improvement of policing throughout the province
● Ontario Private Security and Investigative Services Act
○ 2007
○ Requires all security companies and their personnel be licensed
● Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies (CALEA)
○ Edmonton the first Canadian police service designated to receive the accreditation
○ 1988
