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NR566 Week 2 Study Outline Ch 17: Drugs Affecting the Respiratory System Bronchodilators :LATEST,100% CORRECT CA$23.80   Add to cart
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NR566 Week 2 Study Outline Ch 17: Drugs Affecting the Respiratory System Bronchodilators :LATEST,100% CORRECT
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NR566 Week 2 Study Outline Ch 17: Drugs Affecting the Respiratory System Bronchodilators :LATEST Beta 2 Receptor Agonists (B2RA): Short and long acting beta agonists • B2RA widely used in all a...

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  • March 12, 2022
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NR566 Week 2 Study Outline Ch 17: Drugs Affecting the
Respiratory SystemBronchodilators :LATEST
Beta 2 Receptor Agonists (B2RA): Short and long acting beta agonists
• B2RA widely used in all ages to treat reversible bronchoconstriction caused by reactive
airway disease (RAD) or COPD
• Bronchodilators
• Short-acting beta agonists: Albuterol (ProAir, Ventolin, Proventil) , metaproterenol
(Alupent), terbutaline (Brethine, Brethaire), bitolterol (Tornalate), pirbuterol (Maxair), and
levalbuterol (Xopenex)
• Long-acting beta agonists: arformoterol (Brovana), salmeterol (Serevent), formoterol
(Foradil), and indacaterol (Arcapta Neohaler)
• Drug of choice during pregnancy for asthma

Pharmacodynamics
• Act on smooth muscle to reverse bronchospasm, decreases airway resistance and
residual volume and increasing VC and airflow
• Stimulate beta 2 adrenergic receptors in the lungs to increase cAMP production which
relaxes bronchial smooth muscle and inhibits mediators from hypersensitivity cells (mast
cells)
• All beta agonists stimulate beta 1 activity (increased HR, tremor)f

Short Acting Beta Agonists
• Albuterol
o Selective beta2 agonist with minor beta1 activity
o Often first-line drug r/t less ADRs than the other drugs in this class
o Increases HR by stimulating beta 2 receptors in the heart and vascular smooth muscle
• Levalbuterol: (similar to albuterol), where the (S)-isomer from racemic albuterol is removed
• Pirbuterol: selective beta 2 agonist, similar to albuterol
• Terbutaline: similar to albuterol, selective beta 2 with minor beta 1 activity
o Known to inhibit uterine contractions
• Metaproterenol: beta 2 selective with some beta 1 activity, less selective than albuterol or
terbutaline
• Bitolterol: hydrolyzed by esterase in the lung to colterol, or terbutylnorepinephrine,

selective beta 2 Long Acting Beta Agonists (Salmeterol, formoterol, indacaterol, and

aformoterol)

• Salmeterol is more selective for beta2 receptors than albuterol and has minor beta1 activity.
o 12 hour half-life
o Formoterol: 200-fold greater agonist activity at B2 than albuterol and has minor B1 activity
o Aformoterol (R,R)-enantiomer of formoterol, twice as potent as formoterol
o Indacaterol: 24 fold greater B2 activity than B1

,o Salmeterol and formoterol exert long-lasting broncho protection against allergen, exercise,
histamine, and methacholine caused bronchospasm

,Pharmacokinetics
• Contraindications: Cardiac arrhythmias (tachycardia or heart block caused by digitalis
intoxication, angina, narrow-angle glaucoma, organic brain damage (epi only), and shock
during general anesthesia with halogenated agents
• Monitor closely: HTN, ischemic heart disease, coronary insufficiency, CGH, and Hx
of stroke and/or cardiac arrhythmias
• Diabetics: potential drug-induced hyperglycemia, insulin dose may need increased
• Hyperthyroidism: ADRs are more likely to occur with use of bronchodilators
• Digoxin: require close monitoring, albuterol increases the volume of distribution of dig
and can cause decreased dig blood levels
• Pheochromocytoma: avoid, severe HTN may occur
• Older adults: Lower doses r/t increased sympathomimetic sensitivity
• Black Box warning for LABAs: The risks of salmeterol (Serevent) and formoterol
(Foradil) outweighed the benefits and should not be used singly in asthma for all ages
o Two-fold increase in catastrophic events (asthma-related intubations and death)
o The use of LABAs is contraindicated without the use of an asthma controller
medication such as an inhaled corticosteroid
o Only use long-term in patients who asthma cannot be adequately controlled on
asthma controller medications
o Use for the shortest duration of time required to achieve control, then maintain
on an asthma controller medication
o Pediatric and adolescent patient who require addition of a LABA to an inhaled
corticosteroid should be a combination product containing both an inhaled ICS and a
LABA, to ensure compliance with both medications
• Terbutaline pregnancy category B (prevent contractions) (others category C)
• Albuterol safe for all age children
• Metaproterenol can be used in young children
• Levalbuterol, as young as 2 (drug insert says 6)
• Salmeterol should not be used in children less than age 4 years and never singly.
• Formoterol age 5 and older
• Indacaterol and aformoterol are used for COPD, not for use in children or adolescents

Drug and Food Interactions
o Many drug interactions
o Digitalis glycosides: increased risk of dysrhythmia
o Beta adrenergic blocking agents (Beta Blockers): direct competition for beta sites
resulting in mutual inhibition of therapeutic effects
o Including beta blocker eye drops
o Tricyclic antidepressants and MAOIs potentiate effects of beta agonist on vascular
system

ADR
s o Usually transient
o Stopping the med is not usually needed, reduce dose then slowly increase
o Supraventricular and ventricular ectopic beats have occurred

, o Tach ess, nervousness, and restlessness
ycard o Headaches, rarely insomnia, post inhalation cough
ia o Salmeterol has an increased risk of exacerbation of severe asthma symptoms if
and the patient is deteriorating
palpit o Overuse can lead to seizures, hypokalemia, anginal pain and HTN
ation
s
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