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Interview of 4 pages for the course Biology at 11th Grade (mitosis and meiosis)

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  • March 24, 2022
  • 4
  • 2021/2022
  • Interview
  • Unknown
  • Unknown
  • Secondary school
  • 11th Grade
  • Biology
  • 1
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majemian21
Mitosis and Meiosis Review
Genetics: study of hereditary and variation of living organisms and how genetic information is
passed from one generation to the next
Cell Theory:
 All living things are composed of one or more cells
 Cells are the smallest units of life
 New cells come from pre-existing cells by cell division
Somatic cells: plant/animal cell that forms the body of an organism (not reproductive cells)
Chromosomes: structure in nucleus that contains DNA
Sister chromatid: one of the 2 chromosomes that are genetically identical and held together at
the centromere: region where 2 sister chromatids are held together in a chromosome
Spindle fibres: microtubule structure that facilitates the movement of chromosomes within a
cell
Centrosome: structure that helps to form the spindle fibres
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): made up of 2 long strands that form spiral shape; individual units
of each strand called nucleotides (composed of phosphate group, sugar group, base): adenine
(A), guanine (G), thymine (T), cytosine (c) (often identified and paired based on their bases: A-T,
G-C)
Genetic mutation: change in nucleotide sequence of DNA
Genome: complete DNA sequence of an organism
Cell Cycle: Mitosis
Interphase: stage where cell grows, makes copies of genetic material (DNA)
 Growth 1: major period of growth, synthesizes new molecules to prepare for next phase
 Synthesis: cellular DNA copied, exits as uncondensed fibres called chromatin
 Growth 2: cell synthesizes more molecules
Mitosis: cell’s copied genetic material separates and cell prepares to split into 2 identical cells
 Prophase: cell’s chromatin condenses into chromosomes which contain DNA (sister
chromatids) nuclear membrane breaks down, nucleolus disappears; spindle fibres form
from centrosome as they move apart to opposite poles of cell
 Metaphase: spindle fibres guide chromosomes to equator; spindle fibres from opposite
poles attach to centromere of each chromosome
 Anaphase: centromere splits apart (sister chromatids separate from each other) spindle
fibres shorten, pull chromosomes to opposite sides of the cell (one complete set of
chromosomes has been gathered at each pole of the cell)
 Telophase: chromosomes start to unwind, spindle fibres break down, nuclear
membrane forms around new set of chromosomes, nucleolus forms within each nucleus
Cytokinesis: division of cytoplasm: indentation forms in cell membrane along equator of cell
(deepens until cell pinched into 2)

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